Efeito da ultrassonografia no ensino-aprendizagem da anatomia comparada a peças cadavéricas: revisão sistemática / Effect of ultrasonography on the teaching-learning of anatomy compared to cadaveric prosections: systematic review

Introdução: Com as novas determinações curriculares na educação médica e as dificuldades na obtenção de cadáveres, foi verificada a necessidade da inclusão de novas metodologias de ensino-aprendizagem na Anatomia. A ultrassonografia pode ser uma alternativa viável, pois oportuniza uma avaliação visual-espacial, dinâmica e em tempo real das estruturas anatômicas. Objetivos: Avaliar o efeito da ultrassonografia no ensino-aprendizagem da Anatomia comparada ao uso de peças cadavéricas por meio de uma revisão sistemática. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática, na qual foram coletados artigos das bases PubMed, LILACS e SciELO. Com os descritores utilizados foram obtidos 3.963 artigos. Após a leitura dos títulos e resumos foram selecionados 27 artigos para análise completa. Quatro artigos foram inclusos para serem utilizados após análise de elegibilidade. Resultados: Dois dos estudos demonstraram aprendizagem equivalente entre as condições de ensino cadáver e ultrassom. Duas pesquisas avaliaram a associação das metodologias (ultrassonografia mais estudo com cadáver) comparando com alunos expostos somente a peças cadavéricas. Em uma delas o grupo com ultrassonografia obteve pontuações maiores que o grupo controle, mas com tamanho de efeito moderado a pequeno e a outra pesquisa apresentou valores inferiores no grupo ultrassom, no entanto, sem significância estatística. Conclusão: Essa revisão evidenciou resultados favoráveis ao uso da ultrassonografia no ensino da anatomia, entretanto, poucos estudos comparativos com o uso de peças cadavéricas foram realizados o que impede a generalização desses efeitos. Portanto, mais pesquisas são necessárias, a fim de obter maior confiança para a sua inclusão no ensino-aprendizagem da anatomia na graduação médica.

Introduction: With the new curricular determinations in medical education and the difficulties in obtaining corpses, the need to include new teachinglearning methodologies in anatomy was seen. Ultrasonography can be a viable alternative, as it provides a visual-spatial, dynamic, and real-time assessment of anatomical structures. Objectives: Evaluate the effect of ultrasound in teaching-learning anatomy compared to the use of cadaveric specimens through a systematic review. Methods: It is a systematic review, in which articles were collected from the PubMed, LILACS and SciELO databases. With the keywords used, 3,963 articles were obtained. After reading the titles and abstracts, 27 articles were selected for complete analysis. Four were included for use after eligibility analysis. Results: Among them, two studies showed equivalent learning between the conditions of cadaver and ultrasound teaching. Two studies evaluated the association of methodologies (ultrasound plus cadaver study) comparing students exposed only to cadaveric parts. In one of them, the ultrasound group obtained higher scores than the control group, but with a moderate to small effect size, and the other study showed lower values in the ultrasound group, however, without statistical significance. Conclusion: This review showed favorable results for the use of ultrasound in the teaching of anatomy; however, few comparative studies with the use of cadaveric parts were carried out, which prevents the generalization of these effects. Therefore, more research is needed in order to obtain greater confidence for its inclusion in the teaching and learning of anatomy in medical graduation.

Cases of leprosy notified in the municipality of Parnaíba, state of Piauí, Brazil, 2007-2016

This study aimed to describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of leprosy cases reported in the municipality of Parnaíba, State of Piauí. This was a cross-sectional study of leprosy cases, living in Parnaíba, State of Piauí, reported to the National System of Notifiable Diseases (SINAN), from 2007 to 2016. There were 582 cases of leprosy with hyperendemic detection in the general population in 2008, 2009 and 2016; and under < 15 years of age in 2008, 2014 and 2016, with a predominance of females (53.1%), brown (62.2%), aged 20-64 years (74.7%), complete and incomplete elementary school (56.4%), housewives (20.7%), living in the urban area (87.1%), reported by primary care (69.2%). The most frequent clinical and therapeutic findings were: multibacillary operational classification (53.8%); clinical forms: undetermined (30.6%) and virchowian (24.3%); single lesion (34.8%); no affected nerves (86.7%); degree of disability zero (70.6%); bacilloscopy not performed (26.7%); therapeutic regimen 12 doses (53.7%) and no reaction (70.8%). Regarding the mode of input, predominated new case (88.8%); mode of output, cure (87.9%) and detection mode: spontaneous demand (45.8%). Out of 2,106 registered contacts, 60.6% were examined. Leprosy is endemic to Parnaíba, State of Piauí. It is noteworthy that the hyperendemic detection rates occurred during years when there was intensification of active search for contacts and cases in the population.