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Introduction: Diabetic nephropathy is the leading causeof End Stage Renal Disease in the world, accounting formore than one third of the cases. Micro albuminuria isa marker of wide spread micro vascular damage in Type 2Diabetes Mellitus and an earliest marker for nephropathy.The correlation between presence of overt proteinuria andproliferative diabetic retinopathy have been demonstrated inboth Type 1 and Type 2 diabetic patients. There is an increasingevidence that micro albuminuria could be used as a marker forearly diabetic retinopathy. However, this relationship has notbeen established in our setting. Hence, we planned to evaluatethe prevalence as well as correlation of micro albuminuria andretinopathy in patients of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Material and Methods: 100 Type 2 diabetic patients willingto participate, were enrolled in the study after due approvalfrom the Institutional Ethical committee. Prevalence of microalbuminuria was checked using Micral test. Body Mass Indexand Glycosylated Hemoglobin were also measured. Patientswere evaluated by direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy to lookfor evidence of retinopathy.Results: 56% patients were male with majority of them(70%) were in the age group of 40-60 years. In 39%patients, duration of diabetes was less that 5 years and equalpercentage of patients had micro albuminuria. 45% patientsshowed signs of diabetic retinopathy, whereas, both microalbuminuria and retinopathy were observed in 32% ofpatients (p <0.001). Compared to overall prevalence of microalbuminuria and retinopathy, patients with age more than50 years showed higher prevalence of 51.61% and 56.45%(p=0.001) respectively. Micro albuminuria (52.45%) anddiabetic retinopathy (57.37%) were more likely with durationof diabetes above 6 years (p=0.001). Other factors whichwere statistically significant were Glycosylated Hemoglobin(HbA1c) more than 7% and Body Mass Index (BMI) >25kg/m2.Conclusion: The study showed that there is significantcorrelation between the presence of micro albuminuria anddiabetic retinopathy. Several factors like increase in age,duration of diabetes, HbA1c levels on admission and bodymass index are associated with increased prevalence of microalbuminuria and diabetic retinopathy
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Advanced maternal age is associated with certain pregnancy-related risks. Being “at risk” causes anxiety and concern, which older pregnant women try to ease by being as well-informed as possible. This may be overwhelming to some women due to the large amount of information available. It is important for healthcare providers to be aware of the different feelings and experiences of older pregnant women in order to meet their individual needs within the maternity services.