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Background: Biomedical waste (BMW) is waste generated during diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings or animals, or in research activities pertaining thereto, or in the production and testing of biologicals, and is contaminated with human fluids. Objective: To assess the Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP) regarding healthcare waste management among healthcare personnel in Lucknow District, Uttar Pradesh, India. Material and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted amongst medical, dental, paramedical staff and graduate and postgraduate students of King George’s Medical and Dental University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. A total of 28 healthcare personnel consented for interview. Simple random sampling technique was used to select the study unit. A predesigned and pretested questionnaire for KAP study was used for data collection. Data were collected, compiled and tabulated using Microsoft Excel and analyzed using SPSS 17.0 version for calculation of percentages. Results: In present study, 83.3% of medical and dental doctors and students had knowledge about waste management plan and its authorization. Majorities of the medical doctors (83.3%), paramedics (80%) and students (66.7%) had knowledge about place of waste disposal. On practice level, most of the healthcare personnel were using autoclave and lesser number of personnel were using dry heat sterilization. Conclusion: The healthcare personnel were observed to be good in theoretical knowledge as well as practices. The need of comprehensive training programs regarding BMW management is highly recommended to all hospital staff. Wherever, generated, a safe and reliable method for handling of BMW is essential.
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Objectives: The aim of this study is to compare the masseter muscle thickness in different vertical dentofacial patterns and identify the possible sexual dimorphism and also to correlate masseter muscle thickness with craniofacial morphology using cephalometric parameters. Materials and Methods: The masseter muscle thickness was measured using ultrasonography in 60 subjects (30 females and 30 males). Standardized lateral and posteroanterior cephalograms were taken to determine the facial morphology. The subjects were divided into three vertical pattern groups (I, II, and III) according to their Jarabak ratio: hypodivergent ( n = 20), normodivergent (n = 20), and hyperdivergent (n = 20). The sample was further subdivided into males and female subgroups. Results: Masseter muscle thickness relaxed (MMTR) in hypodivergent group was 13.94 ± 1.51. Mean value of MMTR in normodivergent group was 12.53 ± 1.21 and the MMTR in hyperdivergent group was 11.13 ± 1.18. The mean value of masseter muscle thickness contracted (MMTC) in hypodivergent group was 15.46 ± 1.33. Mean value of MMTC in normodivergent group was 13.81 ± 1.38 and the mean value of MMTC in hyperdivergent group was 12.27 ± 1.26. MMTC showed a significant, negative correlation with mandibular plane angle and gonial angle. Posterior facial height, symphysis width, intermolar width of maxillary first molars, maxillary width, and facial width (bizygomatic width) showed significant ( P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) positive correlation. Conclusion: The masseter muscle thickness varied among the three vertical dentofacial patterns and sexual dimorphism also existed except in the hyperdivergent group. Masseter muscle thickness was found to be negatively correlated to vertical facial pattern and positively associated with transverse craniofacial morphology.
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Transposition of teeth is a developmental anomaly manifested by a positional interchange of two permanent teeth. It is often associated with hypodontia, peg lateral crowding, severe rotation and malformation like dilaceration and missing teeth, retained teeth and even with impaction which are clinically important for diagnosis as well as treatment plan. However, this case is a deviation from the afore mentioned group of associated anomalies. Surprisingly, in this case bilateral maxillary canine – premolar transposition is associated with idiopathic resorption of the crown of the second mandibular molar. The persistence of only the caudal part of the tooth in such a case merits denoting it as ‘Caudodontia’ by us.