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Background: The objective of this study is to find out the proportion of children with thrombocytopenia in acute encephalitis syndrome (AES); second, to compare the aetiology of AES in thrombocytopenic cases with non-thrombocytopenic cases; and finally, to find out clinical and laboratory predictors of thrombocytopenia in AES, as well as to study platelet aggregation and compare it in both scrub positive and scrub negative AES cases.Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted on 176 children with presumed viral aetiology were investigated to find out the cause of AES.Results: The majority of patients presented with thrombocytopenia. The most common aetiologies are Japanese encephalitis (JE). No significant difference was observed in the aetiology of AES between the thrombocytopenic and non-thrombocytopenic groups. Rash, bleeding, swelling, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly were significantly more common in thrombocytopenic AES cases. Among the laboratory parameters, haemoglobin, PCV, and serum protein were found to be significantly low in the thrombocytopenic group. Liver enzymes, serum AST, and serum ALT were significantly high in the thrombocytopenic group. Platelet aggregation percentage was found to be significantly high in AES children who were positive for scrub typhus in comparison to other AES cases. Eighty-seven patients were discharged from the hospital. The mortality rate was 18%. There was no significant difference in the outcome of AES cases in relation to thrombocytopenia.Conclusions: This approach may help clinicians in the diagnosis of AES due to the scrub along with other tests available. There was no significant difference in the short-term outcome of AES cases in relation to thrombocytopenia.
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Background: Osteoarthritis knee (OA) symptoms, including pain, joint stiffness, reduced joint movement, and muscle strength, can affect gait kinetics, kinematics, and temporal-spatial characteristics. Spatial-temporal gait parameters are useful for assessing and identifying clinically significant changes in an individual's gait patterns and helps in rehabilitation. Methods: In this study 108 patients diagnosed with osteoarthritis knee according to EULAR classification knee OA were included in study. Age, gender and BMI were recorded for pain and function WOMAC Score was used, gait analysis was done to evaluate difference in temporo-spatial gait parameters between OA knee patients with KL grade 2 and 3. Results: A total of 108 patients with osteoarthritis knee were enrolled, including 40 men and 68 women. Total mean age was 55.92±9.05 years with P-value <0.05, and their average BMI was 27.24 kg/m2. Total WOMAC score mean 29.3±1.03. Mean WOMAC scores for pain 4.57±3.26, stiffness 2.60±0.12, function score 22.20±7.55 respectively. There was no significance difference between KL grade II and III including gender in temporal spatial gait parameters. Conclusions: This study suggests there is no significant difference in temporal-spatial gait parameters between Kl grade 2 and 3. Potential confounders including age, gender, BMI disease severity did not alter magnitude, although 95% CI.
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Background: Breast cancer is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity among women worldwide. It is one of the prime health issues in developed and developing countries because of the high prevalence of known risk factors. In the present study, we assess the knowledge of breast cancer and breast self-examination (BSE) screening practices among women in the capital city, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, North India. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in urban and rural areas of Lucknow. The period of study was one year, starting from December 2020 to November 2021. Data were obtained from 400 adult women (212 rural and 193 urban) using a pretested, self-administered questionnaire. Participants aged >20 years were randomly selected from two rural and two urban community health centres (CHCs). The questionnaire assessed respondents’ socio-demographic characteristics, risk factors, signs and symptoms, early detection methods, and knowledge and practices related to self-breast examination among women in Lucknow. Results: Out of 400 respondents, only 33.5% (rural) and 55.96% (urban) women had heard of breast cancer. 17.55% (rural) and 13.47% (urban) women had heard about BSE. 4.72% (rural) and 8.81% (urban) women practice BSE occasionally. Knowledge about breast cancer, its symptoms, risk factors, and screening methods was similarly poor in women of Lucknow. Conclusions: This finding correlated significantly with older age, higher levels of education, and occupation. There is a low level of awareness of breast cancer in Lucknow's urban and rural areas. BSE is hardly practiced, though the willingness to learn it is high.
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Agroforestry, the integration of trees and shrubs with crops and/or livestock, stands as a pivotal strategy in sustainable land management and climate action. This review synthesizes current knowledge and practices of agroforestry, focusing on its diverse systems, contributions to sustainable land management, role in climate change mitigation and adaptation, and the challenges and future prospects, with a special emphasis on the Indian context. Agroforestry systems, classified into silvopastoral, agrosilvicultural, and silvoarable, along with specialized practices like alley cropping and forest farming, demonstrate significant adaptability across various climatic and geographical regions. These systems have shown promising results globally, evident in case studies highlighting their effectiveness in different environmental settings. In the realm of sustainable land management, agroforestry is instrumental in soil conservation, enhancing soil fertility, and nutrient cycling. It also plays a critical role in biodiversity conservation and the enhancement of ecosystem services, such as water regulation and pollination. Socioeconomically, agroforestry contributes to improving livelihoods and economic resilience, as demonstrated in various local community case studies. In addressing climate change, agroforestry systems are notable for their carbon sequestration capabilities. Compared to traditional agricultural practices, these systems exhibit a higher potential for carbon storage, both above and below ground. They also enhance resilience to climate extremes, offering adaptive strategies for farmers and communities facing climatic variability. Policy and global initiatives increasingly recognize agroforestry's role in climate action, with international agreements and organizations fostering its integration into national policies. The implementation of agroforestry is not without challenges. Technical complexities, the need for site-specific knowledge, economic and policy barriers, and sociocultural factors pose significant hurdles. For India, a country with diverse agro-ecological zones, these challenges are coupled with opportunities for research, technological innovation, policy improvement, and global-local collaborations. The future prospects for agroforestry are vast, particularly in the Indian context, where it can significantly contribute to sustainable agriculture and rural development. Continued research, policy support, and collaborative efforts are essential to fully realize the potential of agroforestry in environmental conservation, climate change mitigation, and socioeconomic development.
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Survey was conducted of pigeonpea growing areas of 4 districts in Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh during 2019-20. Fusarium udum was found constantly associated with the root samples. This indicates that this fungus, a well-known wilt pathogen, was primarily responsible for the wilt disease of pigeonpea. The average disease incidence ranged between 3.25% to 49.00% from district to districts. The average incidence percentage of wilted plants in Chitrakoot district was 39.06% followed by Banda district 25.67%, Hamirpur district 15.99% and Mahoba district 14.64% respectively. The maximum wilt (Fusarium oxysporum) incidences were recorded in Chitrakoot district followed by Banda, Hamirpur, and Mahoba. Chitrakoot isolate of F. udum was found more pathogenic and caused higher wilt incidence than other isolate. All the isolates differed in their radial growth colony characters on both solid media. It was found that PDA was the best medium in compare to PSA. The Chitrakoot isolate and radial growth was fast growing followed by others. Sporulation was moderate to excellent in different isolates. However, the maximum radial growth was a recorded-on PSA in Chitrakoot isolate and minimum radial growth in Mahoba isolate. The most distinguishing characteristic of the macro conidia are their strongly curved or hooked apices and measure 11-21.12 x 1.95 to 3.78µm.
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In rabi 2018-19, a field experiment using wheat cultivar K 1006 was carried out at the Students Instructional Farm of C. S. Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur (U.P.). The location of the experiment is between 25° 56' and 28° 58' North and 79° 31' to 80° 34' East longitude. The study location was described as having a sandy loam texture, being alkaline (pH 8.19), containing 0.41% organic carbon, 187 kg/ha of available nitrogen, 11 kg/ha of available phosphorus, and 177 kg/ha of available potassium. Eight treatments (RDF-120:60:40 NPK Kg ha-1 as the recommended dose of fertilizer), RDF + Azotobacter, RDF + Azotobacter + Vermicompost @ 3.0 t ha-1, RDF + Azotobacter + Vermicompost @ 4.0 t ha-1, RDF + Azotobacter + Vermicompost @ 5.0 t ha-1, RDF + Azotobacter + FYM @ 4.0 t ha-1, RDF + Azotobacter + FYM @ 8.0 t ha-1, and RDF + Azotobacter + FYM @ 12.0 t ha-1 were setup in a randomized block design with three replications. The highest plant height at 30 DAS (21.67 cm) and 90 DAS (99.50 cm), the number of total (5.52) and productive (5.15) tillers /plant, the initial (115.25) and final (459) plant population /m2, the spike length (11.15 cm), the number of grains /spike (54.60), the grain weight /spike (2.26 g) and test weight (41.45 g), biological yield (131.25 q/ha), grain yield (56.40 q/ha), straw yield (74.85 q/ha), and harvest index (42.98) were found to be most effectively affected by the combination of RDF + Azotobacter + Vermi-compost @ 5.0 t ha-1.Therefore, the growth and yield of wheat might be increased by up to 16–18% beyond the prescribed fertilizer dosages when the seed was infected with Azotobacter @ 1 packet Azotobacter with 10 kg seed and soil amended with Vermi–compost @ 5 t/ha in addition to RDF.
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At present due to continuous use of phosphatic and potassic fertilizers, a deposits of these nutrients have increased in the soil of studied area, and Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus mucilaginosus solubilize/mobilize P and K in the soil, thus, for increasing yield and quality of soybean, an experiment was planned with the aim to investigate the response of Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus mucilaginosus strains on yield and quality of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill.] at All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) on Integrated Farming System Research at College of Agriculture, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India during kharif, 2019 & 20. The research was conducted in randomized block design (RBD) with 8 treatments, viz. Control with 75% RDF (T1), Control with 100% RDF (T2), 75% RDF with Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus mucilaginosus strains as seed treatment (T3), 100% RDF with Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus mucilaginosus strains as seed treatment (T4), 75% RDF with Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus mucilaginosus strains as foliar application at 30 and 45 DAS (T5), 100% RDF with Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus mucilaginosus strains as foliar application at 30 and 45 DAS (T6), 75% RDF with Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus mucilaginosus strains as seed treatment + foliar application of Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus mucilaginosus strains at 30 and 45 DAS (T7) and 100% RDF with Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus mucilaginosus strains as seed treatment + foliar application of Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus mucilaginosus strains at 30 and 45 DAS (T8). The seed yield (1139 kg ha-1) of soybean increased to the tune of 14.26 and 19.72 per cent with application of 100% RDF with Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus mucilaginosus strains as seed treatment + foliar application of Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus mucilaginosus strains (T8) at 30 and 45 DAS compared to control (786 kg ha-1). Among all the treatments, yield attributes such as pods count plant-1 (29.66), seeds count pod-1 (3.36) and seed yield plant-1 (13.17) were observed highest with T8 at 30 and 45 DAS.
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A field experiment was carried out at Soil Conservation and Water Management Farm of C S Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur during Zaid seasons i.e. 2022 and 2023 to assess the effect of irrigation scheduling and integrated nutrient management on blackgram.The experiment consisted of three irrigation schedulesviz.I1:0.4 IW/CPE, I2:0.6 IW/CPE, I3:0.8 IW/CPE, along with five integrated nutrient management options viz.F1: 100% RDF, F2:125% RDF.F3: 75% RDF + 2.5 ton FYM/ha,F4: 50 % RDF + 5 ton FYM/ha.F5: 50% RDF + 2.5 ton FYM/ha + 1 tonvermi-compost. The experiment was conducted in Split Plot Design replicated thrice irrigation scheduling systems in main plots and integrated nutrient management in sub plots. The result clearly revealed that significantly higher growth attributes viz plant height (35.25 cm and 37.56 cm), number of branches plant-1 (8.87 and 9.21), number of plant leaves (19.96 and 20.29) at harvest and yield attributes viz number of pod per plant (27.80 and 30.10) no of seed per pod (6.62 and 6.91) and also higher seed yield (9.30 q ha-1 and 9.90 qha-1 ), stover yield(23.21 q ha-1 and 24.03 q ha-1) were recorded with I3: 0.8 IW/CPE compared to I1: 0.4 IW/CPE and I2: 0.6 IW/CPE. Among the integrated nutrient management significantly higher growth attributes viz plant height (36.12 cm and 38.07 cm), number of branches plant-1 (9.01 and 9.32), number of plant leaves (20.05 and 20.45) at harvest and yield attributes viz number of pod per plant (28.44 and 30.17) no of seed per pod (7.05 and 7.37) and also higher grain yield (9.73 q ha-1 and 10.27 qha-1 ), stover yield(23.55 q ha-1 and 24.76 q ha-1) were recorded with F5:50% RDF + 2.5 ton FYM/ha + 1 ton vermi-compost as compared to other integrated nutrient management protocol.
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Sustainable agriculture mostly relies on conservation tillage, crop residue retention and crop diversification. Weeds are major production hurdles in adoption of conservation agriculture (CA), therefore, weed management is important for sustainable crop yield. Designing efficient integrated weed management (IWM) practices under zero-tillage with crop residue (ZT+R) is helpful in getting optimum yield. A field experiment was carried out at research farm of ICAR-Directorate of Weed Research, Jabalpur (M.P.), India with eight treatment combinations, two crop establishment methods (conventional tillage and conservation tillage) in main plots and four weed management practices (weedy check, recommended herbicide, IWM, and herbicide rotation) in sub-plots were evaluated using a split plot design with three replications. The results indicated that the wheat sown under ZT+R led to significantly less weed density (105.9 no. m-2 in 2020-21 and 122.8 no. m-2 in 2022-23) and biomass (149.7 and 174.2 g m-2, respectively) hence, registered the highest weed control efficiency (WCE, 72.3% and 71.2%, respectively). Higher WCE helped in producing better wheat growth indices like plant height (106.3 and 101.1 cm, respectively), biomass (12.0 and 9.0 g plant-1, respectively) and no. of tillers (488.0 and 391.3 no. m-2, respectively) ultimately grain yield (4164 and 3814 kg ha-1, respectively) and straw yield (7265 and 6834 kg ha-1, respectively) compared with conventional tillage during both the years. Among the weed management practices, ready-mix application of clodinafop + metsulfuron at 60+4 g ha-1 (30-35 days after sowing, DAS) followed by (fb) hand weeding at 45 DAS increased growth indices like plant height (110.2 and 105.0 cm, respectively), plant biomass (14.9 and 12.1 g plant-1, respectively) and no. of tillers (547.2 and 436.7 no. m-2, respectively) ultimately grain yield (4708 and 4299 kg ha-1, respectively) and straw yield (7836 and 7610 kg ha-1, respectively), and WCE (97.4% and 96.8% respectively) with significantly less weed density (25.7 and 35.0 no. m-2, respectively) and biomass (13.6 and 19.9 g m-2, respectively) at 90 days after sowing. IWM also completely reduces the weed density and biomass over the other weed management practices during both the years. Therefore, wheat sown under ZT+R coupled with IWM was superior in terms of weed control, crop growth and yields.
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The present investigation was carried out in Rabi (winter) season 2022-23 at Agronomy Research Farm of Chandra Bhanu Gupta Post Graduate College, Bakshi ka Talab, Lucknow (U.P). The treatments comprised of four nitrogen levels viz., 0, 15, 30 and 45 kg N ha-1 with four phosphorus levels viz., 0, 20, 40 and 60 kg P2O5 were tried in Factorial Randomized Block Design. The soil was silty-loam texture with slightly alkaline pH 8.1, organic carbon 0.70 %, available nitrogen 270.00 kg ha-1, available phosphorus 27.0 kg ha-1, and available potash 262.0 kg ha-1 during 2022- 2023. The rainfall received during the crop period was 0.00 and 0.02 mm, respectively. The relative humidity was recorded maximum during month of December study while, the sunshine ranged from 2.3 to 9.1 during crop period. Increasing levels of nitrogen and phosphorus significantly increased most of the growth and yield attributing characters viz., plant height, number of branches, dry matter accumulation and yield attributes viz., number of pods plant-1, number of grains pod-1, grain weight and test weight were significantly higher with 45 kg N ha-1 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 and superior to other doses of nitrogen and phosphorus. Yield studies viz., Grain yield, straw yield and biological yield were significantly higher with 45 kg N ha-1 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 and superior to other doses of nitrogen and phosphorus. The N and P content % and uptake increased with increasing levels of nitrogen and phosphorus. The highest nutrient content and uptake were recorded with 45 kg N ha-1 with 60 kg P2O5 ha-1. Economics analysis viz., gross return, net return and benefit cost ratio was recorded highest with 45 kg N ha-1 + 60 kg P2O5 while lowest with control. Thus for obtaining better yield and profit apply 45 kg N ha-1 in combination with 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 for lentil.
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Pineapple cultivation in the central zone of Uttar Pradesh represents a dynamic agricultural endeavor, characterized by both challenges and opportunities. This abstract explores the unique factors that farmers face in this region, shedding light on the potential for this tropical fruit's growth and economic contribution. The central zone of Uttar Pradesh experiences a diverse climate, ranging from hot summers to cold winters. Pineapple, originally a tropical fruit, demands consistent warmth [1]. This climatic variability presents a significant challenge for pineapple growers, who must adapt their cultivation practices to ensure optimal growth and yields. Moreover, the soil quality in this region often falls short of the sandy loam and fertility requirements that pineapple plants thrive in [2]. Soil testing and enhancement become critical tasks for farmers looking to establish a suitable environment for pineapple cultivation. Pests and diseases further compound the challenges. Pineapple plants are susceptible to a range of issues, including mealybugs, aphids, and the dreaded fusarium wilt. Effective pest and disease management strategies are vital to maintaining healthy crop yields while minimizing the use of chemical pesticides [3]. Additionally, many farmers in the central zone may lack the requisite technical knowledge and skills needed for successful pineapple cultivation. Access to training and extension services, as well as modern farming practices, becomes essential to enhance agricultural techniques and overcome these challenges. On the flip side, there are significant opportunities awaiting pineapple growers in this region [4]. Pineapples are increasingly sought after for their unique flavor and nutritional value, creating a robust market demand in both local and national markets. Farmers have the potential to tap into this growing demand and enhance their income through pineapple cultivation. Furthermore, integrating pineapple cultivation into existing cropping systems offers an avenue for crop diversification, reducing dependency on a single crop and enhancing overall farm sustainability. Value addition through processing, such as converting pineapples into juice, jam, or canned fruit, allows farmers to expand their product range, increase shelf life, and reduce post-harvest losses [5]. Government support in the form of initiatives and subsidies designed to promote horticulture and agricultural diversification provides a crucial opportunity for pineapple growers to access financial and technical assistance.
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The field of agronomy is undergoing a seismic shift towards sustainability, driven by an increasing understanding of the long-term benefits and a global urgency to act against climate change. It aims to explore the multifaceted realm of sustainable agronomy, scrutinizing its practices, benefits, challenges, and future prospects. It delve into the types of sustainable practices currently in use, such as crop rotation, organic farming, and conservation tillage, highlighting their positive impact on soil health, water quality, and biodiversity. We also offer a comparative analysis, contrasting these sustainable practices with conventional methods in terms of yield, economic benefits, and environmental impact. Also, dedicated to policy implications, discussing existing government policies that support sustainable practices and offering recommendations for further policy interventions. Case studies from India and abroad serve to demonstrate the practical application and success of these methods. The transition to sustainable agronomy is fraught with challenges. Technological needs, such as the requirement for advanced machinery and analytics tools, can be a hurdle, especially for small-scale farmers. Educational gaps also present a significant challenge, as current agronomy curricula in many parts of the world are not geared towards sustainable practices. Financial constraints, often exacerbated by inadequate support systems, add another layer of complexity to the transition. Despite these challenges, the review identifies multiple avenues for future research, including the development of cost-effective technologies, educational reforms, and alternative financing models to support farmers.
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Mapping of soil properties is an important operation as it plays an important role in the knowledge about soil properties and how it can be used sustainably. Knowledge of soil variability of any region is crucial for development of site-specific management practices for that region as this will enhance the crop productivity and maintain the good soil health. With this background, present study was conducted to quantify the spatial variability of different soil physical properties and soil available micronutrients in Ujjain tehsil (Ujjain) district of Madhya Pradesh state, India. A total one hundred fifty geo-coded surface (0-15 cm depth) soil samples, were collected across the study area. These samples were analyzed using standard method for different some soil properties viz: soil texture (sand, silt and clay) and soil available micronutrients, viz. extractable zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) in laboratory. The range of sand, silt, clay, Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn in the study region were varied from 9.15 to 24.06 %, 24.00 to 41.55 %, 40.20 to 58.60 %, 0.12 to 1.66 mg kg-1, 2.06 to 6.22 mg kg-1, 3.70 to 10.40 mg kg-1, and 2.41 to 14.64 mg kg-1, respectively. The data were analyzed using standard statistical methods and geostatistics, which included creating semi-variograms and mapping by standard kriging procedures. Semi-variograms were produced for soil properties and their regional distributions were plotted. The observed soil parameters were best represented by four models: Exponential, Circular, Gaussian, and Hole effect. The modelled variables showed strong and moderate spatial dependencies, as demonstrated by the Nugget/Sill (Co/Co+C) ratio. The distribution maps of soil features may serve as a reference for implementing site-specific crop management in soils with comparable characteristics. Further, this research indicates the relevance of GIS- application in soil variability investigations.
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Climate change impacts are global, countries like India are particularly vulnerable due to their large populations and heavy reliance on agriculture. Climate change has substantial economic effects on agriculture, including shifts in productivity, crop patterns, profitability, prices, supply, and trade. Adaptation involves measures to adjust to present or anticipated future conditions, differing from mitigation, which focuses on risk reduction. This study focused on adoption rates and influencing factors for climate change adaptation measures in Maharashtra's Vidarbha region. Data from 120 farmers in Chandrapur district showed that over 50% implemented strategies like crop diversification, land fallowing, well installation, integrated fertilization, and agroforestry. These choices were influenced by local conditions and socioeconomic factors, with a positive connection to climate awareness, land size, weather information access, cropping practices, institutional support, and assets. Notably, awareness, land size, cropping patterns, and institutional support significantly affected farmers' adaptation levels.
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Soil carbon sequestration has garnered attention as a pivotal strategy in mitigating climate change. Its relevance is accentuated by the soil's dual role in both storing carbon and supporting agriculture, thereby contributing to both environmental and food security. The purpose of this review is to analyze the various facets of soil carbon sequestration in the Indian context, specifically focusing on case studies that highlight both successes and failures in this realm. Key findings indicate that multifaceted approaches, such as agroforestry models in Tamil Nadu and community-led natural farming in Andhra Pradesh, have been effective in enhancing soil carbon stocks. These approaches are not only beneficial for carbon sequestration but also demonstrate positive implications for farm yield and biodiversity. However, the study also uncovers shortcomings in soil management practices, evident in the decline of soil carbon levels in regions such as Punjab due to monoculture and excessive fertilizer use. The consequences of such practices manifest in reduced soil fertility, emphasizing the urgent need for sustainable agricultural methods. In fragile ecosystems like the Himalayan region, soil erosion has further reduced the soil's ability to act as a carbon sink, indicating the necessity for immediate conservation efforts. These findings imply that an integrated approach, coupling agricultural innovation with policy support, can substantially improve the effectiveness of soil as a carbon sequester. Moreover, it is essential for policies to be adaptive and region-specific, accounting for the diverse geographical and climatic conditions across India. This review aims to serve as a comprehensive guide for policymakers, researchers, and agricultural practitioners, emphasizing that soil carbon sequestration is not an isolated goal but must be integrated into broader environmental and agricultural objectives.
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The present experiment was conducted at All India Coordinated Research Project on safflower, College of Agriculture, Indore, (M.P.) during rabi season 2015-16 to study the effect of date of sowing and cultivars on number of capitula plant-1, total seed weight, 100 seed weight, seed yield, biological yield, straw yield, harvest index, oil content and oil yield. The experiment was performed in split plot design using three sowing dates and three cultivars. The maximum capitula (31.26 plant-1) and total seed weight (25.11 g plant-1) were recorded with 1st November sown crop. The cultivar A-1 registered the highest 100 seed weight (5.42 g) which was significantly superior over cultivar NARI-6 and NARI-57. The highest seed yield (1565.42 kg ha-1), straw yield (7771 kg ha-1) and biological yield (9336.42 kg ha-1) were obtained under 1st November of sowing. The maximum oil content (35.36 %) was received with NARI-57 followed by NARI-6 and A-1. The highest oil yield (509.35 kg ha-1) was observed with 1st November sown crop. Based on the findings it is concluded that for obtaining maximum yield of safflower, use of A-1 cultivar and sowing done at 1st November is recommended.
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The physical and frictional properties were studied for three distinct mustard seed varieties: RLC-1, GSC-7, and PBR-91, with the primary objective of designing an efficient inclined plate seed metering mechanism for agricultural seeders. Mustard, a globally significant oilseed crop, plays a vital role in both agriculture and industry. Our comprehensive analysis encompassed various properties, including seed dimensions, test weight (1000 seed), moisture content, geometric mean diameters, surface area, bulk density, true density, sphericity, angle of repose, and coefficients of friction on plywood and GI sheet surfaces.The results revealed significant variations among the mustard seed varieties. For instance, RLC-1 seeds exhibited lengths of 4.029 ± 0.37 mm, widths of 2.210 ± 0.31 mm, and thicknesses of 0.851 ± 0.19 mm, whereas GSC-7 displayed lengths of 4.110 ± 0.42 mm, widths of 2.300 ± 0.35 mm, and thicknesses of 0.910 ± 0.24 mm. Additionally, GI sheet surfaces exhibited a lower coefficient of friction compared to plywood.This comprehensive dataset informs the design of tailored seed metering mechanisms, optimizing seed handling, minimizing damage and losses, and reducing blockage during seeding operations, thereby enhancing overall efficiency in mustard crop cultivation and seeding technology.
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The advancement of plant protection strategies is integral to sustainable agriculture, food security, and ecological balance. While modern approaches i.e. chemical, biological, and technological - have contributed significantly to plant protection, they come with their own sets of challenges and limitations. Chemical methods, potent in their action, often result in environmental degradation, bioaccumulation of toxic substances, and the onset of resistance among pests. Biological approaches, although aligned with ecological principles, face difficulties related to scalability, variable effectiveness, and dependency on environmental conditions. On the technological front, innovative solutions such as drones, precision agriculture, and data analytics promise transformative change but are constrained by factors like high setup costs and technical expertise. Despite the achievements, there exist notable research gaps, especially concerning the long-term sustainability of these methods. Comprehensive studies are often lacking that holistically assess the social, economic, and environmental aspects of plant protection techniques. This article aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the limitations of current strategies, identify existing research gaps, and suggest future prospects for making plant protection more efficient and sustainable. Areas for future research include the development of nano-pesticides for more targeted and eco-friendly applications, and the incorporation of adaptive methods to address challenges presented by climate change. The paper concludes that a multidisciplinary research approach is essential for overcoming existing challenges and for the development of more effective, sustainable plant protection strategies. Through an exhaustive review of current literature and case studies, this article serves as a comprehensive guide for researchers, policymakers, and agricultural practitioners to navigate the complex landscape of modern plant protection methods, aiming to provoke thought and inspire action towards more sustainable solutions.
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The present experiment was carried out at All India Coordinated Research Project on safflower, College of Agriculture, Indore, (M.P.) during rabi season 2015-16 with the objective to test the effect of different sowing dates and cultivars on growth and yield attributes of safflower. The results showed that the cultivar A-1 accumulated maximum dry matter at 30 DAS, 60 DAS, 90 DAS and at harvest as well as took minimum number of days (86.58) for flower initiation, for 50% flowering (93.17) and for 100% flowering (99.67) as compared to other cultivars. While maximum plant height (125.54 cm), number of primary branches (10.33 plant-1) were recorded in safflower cultivar NARI-6 followed by NARI-57 at harvest. It was observed that majority of secondary branches (18.84) emerged under 1st November sowing followed by 15th November sowing. The maximum CGR and RGR received by A-1 which was significantly superior to other cultivars at up to 30 DAS, 30-60 DAS 60-90 DAS and 90 DAS-at harvest compared to other cultivar. It is concluded that cultivar A-1 and NARI-6, and 1st November sowing performed better in terms of above parameters and recommended for cultivation.
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The present investigation was undertaken to estimate the genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance for growth and yield parameters among 37 genotypes of betel vine in a randomized design with 3 replications during 2019-21 at farmer’s field, Badami, Karnataka. Analysis of variance revealed that the genotypes significantly differed for all the characters studied. The results showed that phenotypic coefficient of variations values were higher than the genotypic coefficient of variation for all the characters studied. The values of heritability in broad sense were observed very high for all the twenty one traits. Correlation studies revealed that total yield per vine was significantly and positively correlated with plant height (0.918), number of laterals per vine (0.988), number of leaves per lateral (0.827), total number of leaves per vine (0.863), clinging roots (0.887), petiole length (0.814) and path analysis showed that the traits such as number of laterals per vine (0.6350), total number of leaves per vine (0.2601), clinging roots (0.0839), leaf area (0.2091) and petiole length (0.2696) had direct and positive effect on total yield per vine. Hence, direct selection would be more effective in improving these traits. In this background, the aim of the study is to identify considerable variations among the genotypes for further crop improvement programme and multiplication of quality planting material.