Understanding the association between the human gut, oral and skin microbiome and the Ayurvedic concept of prakriti

Ayurveda is one of the ancient systems of medicine which is widely practised as a personalized scientific approach towardsthe general wellness. Ayurvedic prakriti is broadly defined as the phenotypes which are determined on the basis of physical,psychological and physiological traits irrespective of their social, ethnic, dietary and geographical stature. Prakriti is theconstitution of a person, which comprises vata, pitta, and kapha and is a key determinant of how one individual is differentfrom the other. Human microbiome is considered the ‘latest discovered’ human organ and microbiome research reiteratesthe fundamental principles of Ayurveda for creating a healthy gut environment by maintaining the individual-specificmicrobiome. Hence, it is important to understand the association of human microbiome with the Ayurvedic prakriti of anindividual. Here, we provide a comprehensive analysis of human microbiome from the gut, oral and skin samples of healthyindividuals (n=18) by 16S rRNA gene-based metagenomics using standard QIIME pipeline. In the three different prakritisamples differential abundance of Bacteroides, Desulfovibrio, Parabacteroides, Slackia, and Succinivibrio was observed inthe gut microbiome. Analysis also revealed prakriti-specific presence of Mogibacterium, Propionibacterium, Pyramidobacter, Rhodococcus in the kapha prakriti individuals Planomicrobium, Hyphomicrobium, Novosphingobium in the pittaprakriti individuals and Carnobacterium, Robiginitalea, Cetobacterium, Psychrobacter in the vata prakriti individuals.Similarly, the oral and skin microbiome also revealed presence of prakriti-specific differential abundance of diversebacterial genera. Prakriti-specific presence of bacterial taxa was recorded and only 42% microbiome in the oral samples and52% microbiome in the skin samples were shared. Bacteria known for preventing gut inflammation by digesting theresistant starch were abundant in the pitta prakriti individuals, who are more prone to develop gut-inflammation-relateddisorders. In summary, human gut, oral and skin microbiome showed presence

Molecular biology of Ri-plasmid—A review.

Agrobacterium rhizogenes transfers a segment of its plasmid to the plant genome. The transferred DNA contains genes which are involved in the synthesis of plant hormones. These genes express in the plant cell and give rise to rooty-tumors at the infection site. Transgenic plants can be readily regenerated from the rooty-tumors and the transferred DNA is transmitted to progeny plants. High regeneration potential and sustained maintenance of transferred DNA makes the bacterium a suitable vector for plant genetic engineering. DNA sequences homologous to the transferred DNA of Agrobacterium rhizogenes were detected in some untransformed plant species suggesting a past infection by Agrobacterium rhizogenes during evolution of some genera, notably Nicotiana.