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Most patients with heart failure (HF) have multiple comorbidities, which impact their quality of life, aggravate HF, and increase mortality. Cardiovascular comorbidities include systemic and pulmonary hypertension, ischemic and valvular heart diseases, and atrial fibrillation. Non-cardiovascular comorbidities include diabetes mellitus (DM), chronic kidney and pulmonary diseases, iron deficiency and anemia, and sleep apnea. In patients with HF with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy, renin-angiotensin system inhibitors combined with calcium channel blockers and/or diuretics is an effective treatment regimen. Measurement of pulmonary vascular resistance via right heart catheterization is recommended for patients with HF considered suitable for implantation of mechanical circulatory support devices or as heart transplantation candidates. Coronary angiography remains the gold standard for the diagnosis and reperfusion in patients with HF and angina pectoris refractory to antianginal medications. In patients with HF and atrial fibrillation, longterm anticoagulants are recommended according to the CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc scores. Valvular heart diseases should be treated medically and/or surgically. In patients with HF and DM, metformin is relatively safer; thiazolidinediones cause fluid retention and should be avoided in patients with HF and dyspnea. In renal insufficiency, both volume status and cardiac performance are important for therapy guidance. In patients with HF and pulmonary disease, beta-blockers are underused, which may be related to increased mortality. In patients with HF and anemia, iron supplementation can help improve symptoms. In obstructive sleep apnea, continuous positive airway pressure therapy helps avoid severe nocturnal hypoxia. Appropriate management of comorbidities is important for improving clinical outcomes in patients with HF.
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Background@#Teicoplanin is a glycopeptide antimicrobial that treats serious invasive infections caused by gram-positive bacteria, such as the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Despite some comparable advantages, there is no guideline or clinical recommendation for teicoplanin in the pediatric population, unlike vancomycin where abundant studies and the recently revised guideline on therapeutic drug level monitoring (TDM) exist. @*Methods@#The systematic review was performed in accordance with the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews. Two authors (JSC and SHY) searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases using relevant terms independently. @*Results@#Fourteen studies were finally included with a total of 1,380 patients. TDM was available in 2,739 samples collected in the nine studies. Dosing regimens varied widely, and eight studies used recommended dosing regimens. Timing for measuring TDM was mostly 72–96 hours or longer after the initiation of the first dose, which was expected to be a steadystate. The majority of studies had target trough levels of 10 µg/mL or above. Three studies reported that the clinical efficacy and treatment success rate of teicoplanin was 71.4%, 87.5%, and 88%. Adverse events associated with teicoplanin use were described in six studies with a focus on renal and/or hepatic impairment. Except for one study, no significant relation was noted between the incidence of adverse events and trough concentration. @*Conclusion@#Current evidence on teicoplanin trough levels in pediatric populations is insufficient due to heterogeneity. However, target trough levels with favorable clinical efficacy are achievable by recommended dosing regimen in the majority of patients.
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We present our initial experience of ultrasound (US)-guided localization of clipped metastatic axillary lymph nodes (LNs) following neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). We evaluated US visibility and the successful excision rate of clipped LN after NAC in 29 consecutive patients with breast cancer. US-guided localization of clipped nodes was performed in 22 patients on the day of surgery, while seven patients underwent surgery without localization. The clips were identified in all patients with residual metastatic LNs and 6 of 12 (50%) patients without residual metastatic LNs on US. Six patients without visible clips underwent US-guided localization at the presumed previous clip insertion site. The successful excision rate of 22 LNs with localization was 100% (even though 3 of them were non-sentinel LNs) and 57% (4/7) without localization. Regardless of the presence of visible residual metastatic LNs on US after NAC, successful excision of the clipped LN with US-guided localization is feasible.
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Purpose@#The purpose of this study was to investigate the concordance rate of PIK3CA mutations between primary and matched distant metastatic sites in patients with breast cancer and to verify whether there are differences in the frequency of PIK3CA hotspot mutations depending on the metastatic sites involved. @*Materials and Methods@#Archived formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens of primary breast and matched distant metastatic tumors were retrospectively obtained for 49 patients. Additionally, 40 archived FFPE specimens were independently collected from different breast cancer metastatic sites, which were limited to three common sites: the liver, brain, and lung. PIK3CA mutations were analyzed using droplet digital PCR, including hotspots involving exons 9 and 20. @*Results@#After analysis of 49 breast tumors with matched metastasis sites, 87.8% showed concordance in PIK3CA mutation status. According to PIK3CA hotspot mutation testing in 89 cases of breast cancer metastatic sites, the proportion of PIK3CA mutations at sites of metastasis involving the liver, brain, and lung was 37.5%, 28.6%, and 42.9%, respectively, which did not result in statistical significance. @*Conclusion@#The high concordance of PIK3CA mutation status between primary and matched metastasis sites suggests that metastatic sites, regardless of the metastatic organ, could be considered sample sources for PIK3CA mutation testing for improved therapeutic strategies in patients with metastatic breast cancer.
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Purpose@#Clinically, breast cancer can be divided into 4 subtypes based on the presence of hormone receptors, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and Ki-67. Because the pattern and time of recurrence vary according to the subtype, we evaluated whether there was a difference in overall survival (OS) among the subtypes according to the time and type of recurrence. @*Methods@#A total of 2,730 patients who underwent breast cancer surgery were analyzed. Early and late recurrence were defined as recurrence within and after 5 years of diagnosis, respectively. Recurrence type was categorized as locoregional recurrence or systemic recurrence. @*Results@#Hormone receptor-positive tumors were significantly more frequent in the late recurrence group than in the early recurrence group (estrogen receptor positive, 47.8% [early] vs. 78.7% [late]). However, there was no difference in the rate of HER2 overexpression (HER2+, 38.1% [early] vs.39.0% [late]). In subgroup analysis, early recurrence was a significant prognostic factor for OS in all subtypes. However, late recurrence was a significant prognostic factor for OS only in the luminal B subtype (hazard ratio of 4.30). In addition, the luminal B type had the highest proportion in late recurrence patients (63.2%). @*Conclusion@#The luminal B subtype had a high rate of late recurrence, and late recurrence was a poor prognostic factor for OS only in this subgroup. Therefore, further targeted treatments for luminal B breast cancer are needed and patients with this subtype require close long-term surveillance.
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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES@#This study explores the parental characteristics that affect the eating behaviors of preschool children. The nutrition quotient for preschool children (NQ-P) tool was applied to measure the eating behaviors of preschool children, and the relationship between parents’ health beliefs and children’s eating behaviors was investigated by applying the health belief model.MATERIALS/METHODS: In August 2018, a self-administered online survey was conducted on a sample of parents of children aged 3 to 5 years living in the Seoul and Gyeonggi area. A total of 248 respondents were analyzed via descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s multiple comparison test, Pearson correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. @*RESULTS@#The eating behaviors of preschool children significantly differed based on parents’ education level and monthly income (P < 0.01). Among the factors of the health belief model, “perceived benefit” had the highest score at 4.37 points. The multiple regression analysis confirmed that parents’ “self-efficacy” raised the NQ-P scores (β = 0.175, P< 0.05), balance scores (β = 0.204, P < 0.01), and environment scores of preschool children (β = 0.149,P < 0.05). The study results showed that if parents are educated on healthy eating habits and their level of self-efficacy for healthy eating practices increases, the formation of correct eating behaviors for preschool children is more likely. @*CONCLUSION@#This study provides preliminary data to develop an education program for parents to understand proper eating behaviors for their children and may help form healthy eating habits and encourage the healthy growth of preschool children.
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Purpose@#To determine the incidence of atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) in needle biopsy and the upgrade rate to carcinoma, and to evaluate difference in findings between the upgrade and non-upgrade groups. @*Materials and Methods@#Among 9660 needle biopsies performed over 48 months, we reviewed the radiologic and histopathologic findings of ADH and compared the differences in imaging findings (mammography and breast US) and biopsy methods between the upgrade and non-upgrade groups. @*Results@#The incidence of ADH was 1.7% (169/9660). Of 112 resected cases and 30 cases followed-up for over 2 years, 35 were upgraded to carcinoma (24.6%, 35/142). The upgrade rates were significantly different according to biopsy methods: US-guided core needle biopsy (US-CNB) (40.7%, 22/54) vs. stereotactic-vacuum-assisted biopsy (S-VAB) (16.0%, 12/75) vs. US-guided VAB (US-VAB) (7.7%, 1/13) (p = 0.002). Multivariable analysis showed that only US-CNB (odds ratio = 5.19, 95% confidence interval: 2.16–13.95, p < 0.001) was an independent predictor for pathologic upgrade. There was no upgrade when a sonographic mass was biopsied by US-VAB (n = 7) @*Conclusion@#The incidence of ADH was relatively low (1.7%) and the upgrade rate was 24.6%. Surgical excision should be considered because of the considerable upgrade rate, except in the case of US-VAB.
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Purpose@#Microinvasive breast cancer (MIBC) is an invasive carcinoma with a tumor dimension not exceeding 1 mm. Owing to its low incidence, the rate of axillary node metastasis and its management are not well established. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of lymph node metastasis (LNM) and identify variables associated with LNM, as well as to evaluate the need for axillary staging in MIBC patients by analyzing nationwide data. @*Methods@#The Korean Breast Cancer Society registry was searched to identify MIBC patients diagnosed between January 1996 and April 2020. Patients without neoadjuvant chemotherapy experiences, systemic metastasis, and missing or discordant data were eligible for the analysis. The incidence rate of LNM was determined, and variables associated with LNM were identified by multivariable regression analysis. @*Results@#Of 2,427 MIBC patients identified, 98 (4.0%) had LNM and 12 (0.5%) had N2/3 disease. Type of breast operation (odds ratio [OR], 2.093; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.332–3.290; P = 0.001), age (OR, 2.091; 95% CI, 1.326–3.298; P = 0.002), hormone receptor status (OR, 2.220; 95% CI, 1.372–3.594; P = 0.001), and lymphovascular invasion (OR, 11.143; 95% CI, 6.354–19.540; P < 0.001) were significantly related to LNM. @*Conclusion@#The incidence of LNM in MIBC patients was only 4.0% in our study, suggesting that de-escalation of axillary surgical interventions could be carefully considered. The indications for axillary staging should be individualized considering tumor volume, age, hormone receptor status, and lymphovascular invasion to improve the quality of life of MIBC survivors.
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Purpose@#The GenesWell™ breast cancer test (BCT) is a recently developed multigene assay that predicts the risk of distant recurrence in patients with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) and human epidermal growth factor-2 negative (HER2−) early breast cancer (BC). The ability of this assay to predict the response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) has not been established to date. @*Methods@#Biopsy specimens from HR+/HER2− BC patients with axillary lymph node (LN) metastasis who underwent NACT were analyzed using the BCT score. The modified BCT score was developed and patients classified into high-and low-response groups. A total of 88 patients were available for the BCT score among the 108 eligible patients. The median followup duration was 35.9 (7.8–128.5) months. @*Results@#Among them, 61 (65.1%) had cN1 and 53 (60.2%) had cT1 or cT2 disease. The BCT score was low in 25 (28.4%) patients and high in 63 (71.6%). Among the 50 patients with pathologic complete response or partial response, 41 (82.0%) were in the high BCT score group and 9 (18.0%) were in the low BCT score group. Among the 38 patients with stable or progressive disease, 22 (57.9%) were in the high BCT score group and 16 (42.1%) were in the low BCT score group (p = 0.025). Ki-67 before NACT was a significant factor for predicting tumor response (p = 0.006; 3.81 [1.50–10.16]). The BCT score showed a significant response to NACT (p = 0.016; 4.18 [1.34–14.28]). Distant metastasis-free survival was significantly different between the high- and low-response groups (p = 0.004). @*Conclusion@#We demonstrated that the BCT score predicts NACT responsiveness in HR+/ HER2− BC with LN metastasis and might help determine whether NACT should be performed. Further studies are required to validate these results.
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A seated saline loading test (SLT) using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is one of the most accepted confirmatory tests of primary aldosteronism. However, LC-MS/MS is time-consuming and is not widely available in diagnostic laboratories compared to immunoassay. With immunoassay, it is unknown whether SLT in the seated position is more accurate than that of the supine position, and a cutoff value of post-seated SLT plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) must be established in the Korean population. Ninety-eight patients underwent SLT in both positions, and post-SLT PAC was measured by LC-MS/MS and radioimmunoassay. We confirmed primary aldosteronism if post-seated SLT PAC by LC-MS/MS exceeded 5.8 ng/dL. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was greater for seated than supine SLT (0.928 vs. 0.834, P=0.003). The optimal cutoff value of post-seated SLT by radioimmunoassay was 6.6 ng/dL (sensitivity 83.3%, specificity 92.2%).
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Background@#Papillary breast lesions (PBLs) comprise diverse entities from benign and atypical lesions to malignant tumors. Although PBLs are characterized by a papillary growth pattern, it is challenging to achieve high diagnostic accuracy and reproducibility. Thus, we investigated the diagnostic reproducibility of PBLs in core needle biopsy (CNB) specimens with World Health Organization (WHO) classification. @*Methods@#Diagnostic reproducibility was assessed using interobserver variability (kappa value, κ) and agreement rate in the pathologic diagnosis of 60 PBL cases on CNB among 20 breast pathologists affiliated with 20 medical institutions in Korea. This analysis was performed using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for cytokeratin 5 (CK5) and p63. The pathologic diagnosis of PBLs was based on WHO classification, which was used to establish simple classifications (4-tier, 3-tier, and 2-tier). @*Results@#On WHO classification, H&E staining exhibited ‘fair agreement’ (κ = 0.21) with a 47.0% agreement rate. Simple classifications presented improvement in interobserver variability and agreement rate. IHC staining increased the kappa value and agreement rate in all the classifications. Despite IHC staining, the encapsulated/solid papillary carcinoma (EPC/SPC) subgroup (κ = 0.16) exhibited lower agreement compared to the non-EPC/SPC subgroup (κ = 0.35) with WHO classification, which was similar to the results of any other classification systems. @*Conclusions@#Although the use of IHC staining for CK5 and p63 increased the diagnostic agreement of PBLs in CNB specimens, WHO classification exhibited a higher discordance rate compared to any other classifications. Therefore, this result warrants further intensive consensus studies to improve the diagnostic reproducibility of PBLs with WHO classification.
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Purpose@#: This study aimed to identify the incidence of peripheral cyanosis and the characteristics and clinical results of patients with therapeutic hypothermia after a cardiac arrest. @*Methods@#: Data were collected from April to June 2021 via the electrical medical records of 95 patients with therapeutic hypothermia for 72 hours after a cardiac arrest admitted to an acute care unit at a tertiary hospital between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2019. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a t-test, Mann–Whitney U test, Chi-squared test, Fisher’s exact test, and logistic regression using SPSS/WIN. @*Results@#: The incidence of peripheral cyanosis was 20%. In the peripheral cyanosis group, peripheral vascular disease, fibrinogen, vasopressor, infection, disseminated intravascular coagulation, acute physiology, chronic health evaluation II score on the second hospital day, nursing intervention, and mortality on the seventh hospital day were higher. The level of fibrinogen and use of vasopressors affected the occurrence of peripheral cyanosis. @*Conclusion@#: Considering the influencing variables, careful observation is necessary for patients with high fibrinogen levels and vasopressor use. These results provide basic data to recognize the need for nursing intervention for peripheral cyanosis and encourage nurses to deliver them during therapeutic hypothermia.
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Objective@#Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) emit less blue light than traditional light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and we previously found that early-night OLED light exposure (LE) delays the melatonin phase by less than LED at a color temperature of 4,000 K. As a follow-up study, we investigated the effects of OLED and LED at a different color temperature (3,000 K) on melatonin profile, sleep, and vigilance. @*Methods@#24 healthy subjects (27.5±5.1 years) were exposed to three light conditions [OLED, LED, and dim light (DL)] from 17:30 to 24:00, in a random order and with a 1-week interval. Saliva samples for melatonin were taken every hour from 18:00 to 24:00. Polysomnography (PSG) and a psychomotor vigilance test (PVT) were performed. @*Results@#Melatonin onset time was significantly delayed under OLED and LED compared with DL, with no significant difference between OLED and LED. The mean melatonin level at 24:00 under LED was lower than that under DL, but there was no significant difference between OLED LE and DL. The percentage of slow wave sleep (N3) in LED was significantly lower than in OLED. @*Conclusion@#Exposure to light in the evening can suppress melatonin secretion late at night and disturb deep sleep, and those effects are slightly worse under LED than OLED.
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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES@#This study aimed to assess the dietary behaviors of preschool children using the nutrition quotient for preschoolers (NQ-P) and analyzed the difference in the scores of the children's dietary behaviors in regards to the parents' health consciousness. @*SUBJECTS/METHODS@#The subjects were 257 children aged 3–5 years and their parents residing in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. The questionnaire is composed of demographic characteristics, the NQ-P questions, and health consciousness. All data were statistically analyzed by SPSS program (ver. 25.0) and the statistical differences in variables were evaluated by χ 2 test, Fisher's exact test, t-test, 1-way analysis of variance and Tukey's multiple comparison test. @*RESULTS@#There was a significant difference on the intake frequency of processed meat by region and fast foods by age, region, and weight status (P < 0.05). There was also a significant difference in not moving around while eating by weight status and parents' effort to have healthy eating habits by sex (P < 0.05). The mean score of NQ-P of the total subjects was 59.47, which was within the medium-low grade. The mean score of balance was 61.62, and the boys were significantly higher than girls (P < 0.05). As the age of children increased, the mean score of the moderation was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). The scores of NQ-P (P < 0.05), balance (P < 0.01), and environment (P < 0.05) were significantly higher in the high group of parents' health consciousness than the low group. @*CONCLUSIONS@#According to the results of the evaluation by NQ-P, the dietary behaviors of preschoolers residing in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do need to be improved. For improving their eating behavior and nutritional health status, parents and children need customized nutrition education programs based on sex, age, region and weight status of preschool children as well as the degree of parents' health consciousness.
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Objectives@#The purpose was to identify the ingredients that are usually surveyed for assessing real prices and to present the demand for such surveys by nutrition teachers and dietitians for ingredients used by school foodservice. @*Methods@#A survey was conducted online from December 2019 to January 2020. The survey questionnaire was distributed to 1,158 nutrition teachers and dietitians from elementary, middle, and high schools nationwide, and 439 (37.9% return rate) of the 1,158 were collected and used for data analysis. @*Results@#The ingredients which were investigated for price realities directly by schools were industrial products in 228 schools (51.8%), fruits in 169 schools (38.4%), and specialty crops in 166 schools (37.7%). Moreover, nutrition teachers and dietitians in elementary, middle, and high schools searched in different ways for the real prices of ingredients. In elementary schools, there was a high demand for price information about grains, vegetables or root and tuber crops, special crops, fruits, eggs, fishes, and organic and locally grown ingredients by the School Foodservice Support Centers. Real price information about meats, industrial products, and pickled processed products were sought from the external specialized institutions. In addition, nutrition teachers and dietitians in middle and high schools wanted to obtain prices of all of the ingredients from the Offices of Education or the District Office of Education. @*Conclusions@#Schools want to efficiently use the time or money spent on research for the real prices of ingredients through reputable organizations or to co-work with other nutrition teachers and dietitians. The results of this study will be useful in understanding the current status of the surveys carried out to determine the real price information for ingredients used by the school foodservice.
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Given the recent advances in management and understanding of breast cancer, a standardized pathology report reflecting these changes is critical. To meet this need, the Breast Pathology Study Group of the Korean Society of Pathologists has developed a standardized pathology reporting format for breast cancer, consisting of ‘standard data elements,’ ‘conditional data elements,’ and a biomarker report form. The ‘standard data elements’ consist of the basic pathologic features used for prognostication, while other factors related to prognosis or diagnosis are described in the ‘conditional data elements.’ In addition to standard data elements, all recommended issues are also presented. We expect that this standardized pathology report for breast cancer will improve diagnostic concordance and communication between pathologists and clinicians, as well as between pathologists inter-institutionally.
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Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in Korean women, and its incidence continues to increase. The Korean Breast Cancer Society (KBCS) established a nationwide breast cancer database through its online enrollment program in 1996. This study aimed to analyze the clinical characteristics of breast cancer in Korea, and to assess the pattern of changes in breast cancer management in 2018. We analyzed the KBCS and Korea Central Cancer Registry (KCCR) databases in 2018. In 2018, 28,157 patients were newly diagnosed with breast cancer, of whom 4,510 had noninvasive breast cancer and 23,647 had invasive breast cancer. The age-standardized rate of breast cancer in 2018 was 79.0 per 100,000 women (65.6 invasive, 13.4 noninvasive). The median age of female patients diagnosed with breast cancer in 2018 was 52 years, and the incidence of breast cancer was the highest in the 40–49-years age group (9,432 patients, 33.6%). The proportion of patients with stage 0 and stage I breast cancer continued to increase, accounting for 63.8% of cases, and breast-conserving surgery was performed more often than mastectomy (66.2% vs. 33.0%). The most common subtypes of breast cancer were hormone receptor [HR]-positive and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2)-negative types (65.9% of cases), while the HR-negative and HER2-positive types accounted for 9.2% of cases. According to the KCCR data, from 2014 to 2018, the 5-year relative survival rate of patients with breast cancer was 93.3%, which was 14.0% higher than that from 1993 to 1995 (79.3%). The clinical characteristics of breast cancer in Korea have been changing, and national databases can improve our understanding of the disease characteristics of Korean women. Therefore, updating the KBCS registry is important for the effective management of breast cancer in Korea.
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Background@#Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL) is diagnosed through biochemical confirmation of excessive catecholamines in urine and plasma. Recent technological developments have allowed us to measure urinary free metanephrines; however, the diagnostic accuracy of these new methods and the diagnostic cutoff values have not been evaluated. @*Methods@#This is a retrospective study of 595 subjects, including 71 PPGL cases and 524 controls. PPGL was based on pathological confirmation. Subjects with no evidence of PPGL over 2 years were included in the control group. @*Results@#Urinary free metanephrines yielded similar area under the curve (AUC) to urinary fractionated metanephrines and plasma free metanephrines. However, urinary free normetanephrine yielded a better AUC than did urinary fractionated normetanephrine. The optimal cutoff for urinary free metanephrine and normetanephrine corrected for urinary creatinine yielded 97.2% sensitivity and 98.1% specificity. @*Conclusion@#Urinary free metanephrines are a reliable method for diagnosing PPGL in Asian populations compared with existing biochemical methods.
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Objective@#Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) emit less blue light than traditional light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and we previously found that early-night OLED light exposure (LE) delays the melatonin phase by less than LED at a color temperature of 4,000 K. As a follow-up study, we investigated the effects of OLED and LED at a different color temperature (3,000 K) on melatonin profile, sleep, and vigilance. @*Methods@#24 healthy subjects (27.5±5.1 years) were exposed to three light conditions [OLED, LED, and dim light (DL)] from 17:30 to 24:00, in a random order and with a 1-week interval. Saliva samples for melatonin were taken every hour from 18:00 to 24:00. Polysomnography (PSG) and a psychomotor vigilance test (PVT) were performed. @*Results@#Melatonin onset time was significantly delayed under OLED and LED compared with DL, with no significant difference between OLED and LED. The mean melatonin level at 24:00 under LED was lower than that under DL, but there was no significant difference between OLED LE and DL. The percentage of slow wave sleep (N3) in LED was significantly lower than in OLED. @*Conclusion@#Exposure to light in the evening can suppress melatonin secretion late at night and disturb deep sleep, and those effects are slightly worse under LED than OLED.
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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES@#This study aimed to assess the dietary behaviors of preschool children using the nutrition quotient for preschoolers (NQ-P) and analyzed the difference in the scores of the children's dietary behaviors in regards to the parents' health consciousness. @*SUBJECTS/METHODS@#The subjects were 257 children aged 3–5 years and their parents residing in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. The questionnaire is composed of demographic characteristics, the NQ-P questions, and health consciousness. All data were statistically analyzed by SPSS program (ver. 25.0) and the statistical differences in variables were evaluated by χ 2 test, Fisher's exact test, t-test, 1-way analysis of variance and Tukey's multiple comparison test. @*RESULTS@#There was a significant difference on the intake frequency of processed meat by region and fast foods by age, region, and weight status (P < 0.05). There was also a significant difference in not moving around while eating by weight status and parents' effort to have healthy eating habits by sex (P < 0.05). The mean score of NQ-P of the total subjects was 59.47, which was within the medium-low grade. The mean score of balance was 61.62, and the boys were significantly higher than girls (P < 0.05). As the age of children increased, the mean score of the moderation was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). The scores of NQ-P (P < 0.05), balance (P < 0.01), and environment (P < 0.05) were significantly higher in the high group of parents' health consciousness than the low group. @*CONCLUSIONS@#According to the results of the evaluation by NQ-P, the dietary behaviors of preschoolers residing in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do need to be improved. For improving their eating behavior and nutritional health status, parents and children need customized nutrition education programs based on sex, age, region and weight status of preschool children as well as the degree of parents' health consciousness.