Development of the Patient Caring Communication Scale

PURPOSE@#This study attempted to develop a scale that measures the level of patients' recognition of the nurses' care, based on Watson's caring theory, and confirmed its reliability and validity.@*METHODS@#The items were developed through a literature review and an expert content validity test. The questionnaires were administered to 285 inpatients of internal medicine and surgical units at two general hospitals. Construct validity was tested using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and reliability was tested using Cronbach's alpha.@*RESULTS@#This process resulted in a preliminary scale composed of 34 items; We used item analysis and five exploratory factor analyses, and consequently selected 14 items composed of three factors (respect, genuineness, and relationality). The confirmatory factor analysis verified the model fit and convergent and discriminant validity of the final items; criterion validity was confirmed with the positive correlation with the measurement scale of the patient-perceived quality of nursing . The overall scale reliability had a Cronbach's alpha of .92, which indicated internal consistency and reliability.@*CONCLUSION@#The developed scale showed content, construct, and criterion validity, and reliability, as well as convergent validity for each item and discriminant validity between the factors. This makes it suitable for use in a diverse range of future studies on nurse communication using structural equation models.

Development of the Patient Caring Communication Scale

PURPOSE: This study attempted to develop a scale that measures the level of patients' recognition of the nurses' care, based on Watson's caring theory, and confirmed its reliability and validity. METHODS: The items were developed through a literature review and an expert content validity test. The questionnaires were administered to 285 inpatients of internal medicine and surgical units at two general hospitals. Construct validity was tested using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and reliability was tested using Cronbach's alpha. RESULTS: This process resulted in a preliminary scale composed of 34 items; We used item analysis and five exploratory factor analyses, and consequently selected 14 items composed of three factors (respect, genuineness, and relationality). The confirmatory factor analysis verified the model fit and convergent and discriminant validity of the final items; criterion validity was confirmed with the positive correlation with the measurement scale of the patient-perceived quality of nursing . The overall scale reliability had a Cronbach's alpha of .92, which indicated internal consistency and reliability. CONCLUSION: The developed scale showed content, construct, and criterion validity, and reliability, as well as convergent validity for each item and discriminant validity between the factors. This makes it suitable for use in a diverse range of future studies on nurse communication using structural equation models.

Factors Influencing Self-leadership of Nursing Students according to Locus of Control / 간호행정학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose was to identify factors which affect nursing students' self-leadership according to their locus of control. METHODS: This study was a descriptive research. Participants were 600 D city junior and senior nursing students who had completed clinical training. RESULTS: Results showed the following characteristics of students who had high self-leadership: For students with external locus of control the following correlations with self-leadership were found:, general creativity (r=.46), social support (r=.48), academic self-efficacy (r=.29), and communication competence (r=.49). For students with internal locus of control, self-leadership was correlated with general creativity (r=.46), social support (r=.41), academic self-efficacy(r=.36), and communication competence (r=.48). For the nursing students with external locus of control, age (β=−.24, p=.010), satisfaction with campus life (β=.16, p=.027), general creativity (β=−.20, p=.017), and social support (β=−.20, p=.028) had significant effects on their self-leadership: explanatory power of 44% (F=6.53, p < .001). For students with internal locus of control, self-leadership was effected by general creativity (β=.20, p=.011) and social support (β=.19, p=.012): explanatory power was 42%(F=5.96, p < .001). CONCLUSION: Applying these findings to the curriculum of nursing students would improve their self-leadership and increase the efficiency of organizational culture and contribute to goal achievement in nursing organizations.

Nurses' Perception of Organizational Commitment, Nursing Work Environment, and Social Support in a General Hospital / 간호행정학회지

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify the influence of nursing work environment and social support on multidimensional organizational commitment among nurses. METHODS: The survey was conducted in August 2012 with self-report questionnaire. Participants were 480 registered nurses working in one general hospital. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression using SPSS/WIN(16.0). RESULTS: The average scores were; for affective commitment 2.84, for continuance commitment 2.48, and for normative commitment 2.57. There were significant relationships between affective, continuance, normative commitment and sub-factors of nursing work environment and social support. The affective, continuance, and normative commitment were all influenced by 'staffing and resource adequacy' and 'nursing foundations for quality of care', sub-factors of nursing work environment. Distinctively, affective commitment was influenced by 'staffing and resource adequacy', nurses' age, 'nurse-doctor relations', 'supervisor's emotional support', 'nurse participation in hospital affairs', 'nursing foundations for quality of care', and 'supervisor's informational support', which explained 30.9% of variance in affective commitment(F=31.57, p<.001). CONCLUSION: The findings show that programs which promote supervisors' emotional and informational support are important to enhance nurses' affective commitment. Also, it is necessary to improve nursing work environment to improve nurses' organizational commitment.

Factors to Affect Turnover Intention of Nurse: Focusing on Personal, Situational and Interpersonal Relation Variables / 산업간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to figure out influences of supervisor's and colleague's supports, nursing work environment, ego-resilience, organizational commitment and burnout on turnover intention of nurses working in general hospitals. METHODS: The data were collected from 379 nurses working in general hospitals with more than 500 beds in S city from July 1 to August 31, 2012. The collected data were analyzed with independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation and Hierarchial regression analysis by using SPSS 19.0. RESULTS: In case the subject was young, with work experience of 1~5 years, single, female and position of general nurse, turnover intention was statistically significantly higher. Turnover intention, supervisor's support, nursing work environment, organizational commitment and ego-resilience showed significantly negative correlations, but burnout showed significantly positive correlations. In case of controlling general characteristics, higher correlational variables with turnover intention accounted for 30.2%. CONCLUSION: In order to reduce turnover intention of general nurses who showed higher intention with 1~5 years' work experience, situational variables such as organizational commitment and nursing work environment and interpersonal relation variables such as supervisor's support as well as personal variables such as ego-resilience should all be considered.

Factors to Affect Turnover Intention of Nurse: Focusing on Personal, Situational and Interpersonal Relation Variables / 한국직업건강간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to figure out influences of supervisor's and colleague's supports, nursing work environment, ego-resilience, organizational commitment and burnout on turnover intention of nurses working in general hospitals. METHODS: The data were collected from 379 nurses working in general hospitals with more than 500 beds in S city from July 1 to August 31, 2012. The collected data were analyzed with independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation and Hierarchial regression analysis by using SPSS 19.0. RESULTS: In case the subject was young, with work experience of 1~5 years, single, female and position of general nurse, turnover intention was statistically significantly higher. Turnover intention, supervisor's support, nursing work environment, organizational commitment and ego-resilience showed significantly negative correlations, but burnout showed significantly positive correlations. In case of controlling general characteristics, higher correlational variables with turnover intention accounted for 30.2%. CONCLUSION: In order to reduce turnover intention of general nurses who showed higher intention with 1~5 years' work experience, situational variables such as organizational commitment and nursing work environment and interpersonal relation variables such as supervisor's support as well as personal variables such as ego-resilience should all be considered.

Analysis of Psychiatric Nursing Activity and Time for Development of Nursing Cost / 정신간호학회지

PURPOSE: Purpose of this research was to identify nursing activities and the time required in the psychiatric ward to provide basic knowledge for development of cost of psychiatric nursing. METHODS: In this research 'a list of psychiatric nursing activities' was used to identify the issues. A list of psychiatric nursing activities was developed by a professional psychiatric nursing panel, and 138 nursing activities in 15 domains were identified. RESULTS: The result of this research showed that the average number of work hours per duty was 515.1 minutes and the average number of minutes per patient per nurse while on duty was 35.7 minutes. Also the results showed that the nurses used the majority of their time in 'Nursing care and information management' (528.0 minutes/day, 33.6%), followed by 'communication and coordination' (209.2 minutes, 13.3%), 'safety care' (185.3 minutes, 11.8%), and 'medication' (120.9 minutes, 13.3%). CONCLUSION: The result of this research indicate that the number of nursing staff is insufficient for the performance of necessary therapeutic activities. Nursing practices such as counseling, activity therapy, and psychiatric treatment and specific therapy need to be developed and nursing care fees need to be included in psychiatric nursing fields.

Depression and Health Promoting Behavior Depending on the Climacteric Symptoms of Middle-aged Male Workers / 한국직업건강간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study is the narrative investigating research to comprehend the climacteric symptoms, depression and health promoting behavior of the male workers and to develop the nursing intervention. METHODS: The research was done from August to September 2011, and the subjects were the middle-aged males between 40 and 64 working in capital cities of Chungcheongnamdo. Among the 220 questionnaires, 189 were retrieved and used for the analysis. The data analysis was done by chi2-test, and t-test using the SPSS/WIN 19.0 program. RESULTS: The 70.9% of the subjects showed male climacterium and among them, those in their 40s showed high rate to the change in the body and emotions whereas those in their 50s showed high rate to the sexual function-related symptoms. Also, having the climacteric symptoms showed significant changes in depression and health promoting behavior. CONCLUSION: To promote health of the middle-aged male workers and the nursing intervention for those who show depression, verifying whether these males have climacteric symptoms is necessary.

Unresolved Suffering Lived Experiences of College Students / 정신간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was done to discover the structure of the lived experiences of unresolved suffering of college students and to gather information to develop therapeutic educational interventions for nursing students. METHODS: The research question, 'What is the structure of the lived experience of unresolved suffering?' was examined based on Parse's Human becoming research method. Twelve nursing students were recruited from K University. From May, 1 to June 30, 2009, Data were gathered from writings and engagement in dialog. RESULTS: The structure found in the college students' lived experiences of suffering was as follows: negative self-concept from being discriminated and ignored by parents, feelings against people and difficulties in interpersonal relations, feelings of isolation, betrayal, guilt, and loss. Their suffering was emotional grief and social withdrawal from damaged human dignity and low self-esteem from psychological trauma. Conceptual integration found to be in process of transferring the enabling-limiting, connecting-separating values. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to develop therapeutic educational interventions for college students for further development as individuals and future health professional by developing awareness of the structure and the meaning of their suffering experience.

The Effects of a Multi Agent Obesity Control Program in Obese School Children / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of a multi agent obesity control program in obese school children. This program was composed of strategies to modify diet and exercise habits and to change cognitive behavior variables(stress, coping, and self-efficacy). METHOD: The subjects were 40 obese school children who participated in our project voluntarily via homepage, TV, newspaper, public paper and school official documents. The program was implemented daily for 4 sessions per day for ten days from August 16 to 26, 2004. The daily program consisted of exercise therapy, dance therapy, cognitive behavior therapy and aroma therapy. The data was analyzed by paired t-test using the SPSSWIN program. RESULT: There was a significant decrease in children's waist-hip ratio (p=.04) and in children's stress (p=.00) after the program. There was a significant increase in children's self-confidence after the program(p=.02) and a significant decrease in children's diet habit after the program(p=.02). CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence that a multiagent obese control program is effective in changing waist-hip ratio, stress, self-confidence, and diet habits in obese school children.

Development of an Interaction Behaviors Checklist for Early Detection of Autistic Children / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to develop a behavioral checklist to predict an autistic disorder and to identify the earliest detecting time. METHOD: One hundred and fifty eight children including normal, autistic, institutionalized normal, and retarded were assessed using critical interaction behavioral markers from literature review. Data was collected by semi-structured mother-child interaction by videotape recording and analyzed by factor analysis, Cronbach alpha, Kappa, chi-square, and Duncan. RESULT: Ten behavioral markers were sorted into 2 factors; joint-attention and synchronized behavior. Autistic children were impaired in pretend play, prodeclarative pointing, proimperative pointing, gaze-monitoring, referential looking, showing, joint-attention, rhythmical vocal exchange, and synchronized laughing. The sychronized behavior was also a critical marker to predict the autistic disorder. However, it was difficult to differentiate autistic disorder from mental retardation. In addition, the appropriate detecting time was around 18 months after birth. CONCLUSION: This checklist should be behavior markers to predict autistic disorder and could be useful as educational material at children's clinics, parents class, and for caregivers in the health center. In addition, early detection should lead to treatment being started as soon after 18 months of age as possible.

A Comparison of Stressors and Coping Behaviors of the High School Students who have Suicidal Ideation vs those who do not / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to identify and compare the stressors and coping behaviors of high school students who experienced suicidal ideation vs those who do not. METHOD: The data were collected from 1,441 high school students living in the middle region of Korea. Researchers collected the data using Adolescent Stress Inventory and Adolescent Coping questionnare from February to May of 1999. Data were analyzed using X2, T-test. RESULT: A significant proportion (31.9%) of subjects had thought about suicide during the past 6 months, 297 girls (35.3%) and 163 boys (27.2%). Major stressors of subjects who experienced suicidal ideation were academic problems, conflicts between family members, and changes in sleeping or eating patterns. Conflicts with family members contributed to have suicidal ideation. There was no significant difference in helpful coping behaviors between the two groups. The group who experienced suicidal ideation had lower scores and fewer coping behaviors. Boys perceived more stressors and had fewer helpful coping behaviors than girls. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to develope school-based suicide prevention programs. Our findings suggest that the program should focus on problems related to studying and conflicts within the family.

An Effect of the Mother-Child Attachment Promotion Program for the Child with Pervasive Developmental Disorder / 간호학회지

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the program for the autistic children which was designed to promote mother-child attachment. The subjects of this study were consisted of 11 pairs of mother and child( 7 for participant group:PG, 4 for non-participant group: NPG), who were diagnosed as Pervasive Developmental Disorder. The intervention was consisted with play activity centered mother-child interaction, educational activity for mothers, lecture, video-feedback, and supports. The main data were collected by video-taping and analyzed by Wilcoxon Rank Sign Test, and Content Analysis. The results obtained were as follows, 1. Before the program, there were no significant group differences on the children's and the mother's characteristics. After the program, total score on the attachment of PG was higher than that of NPG, but not significant. Only proximity-seeking behaviors and contact-maintaining behaviors were higher significantly(p<.05). Then the characteristics on contact- maintaining behaviors of PG were lasting longer and reciprocal than those of NPG. 2. After the program, the score on mother's nurturing behavior of PG was significantly more increased. The mother's behaviors to her child of PG became more child- centered, positively responsive, expressive supportively. But there were pretty big individual difference. It can be concluded that Mother-child Attachment Promotion Program is effective. Thus it can be recommended to be a early intervention model for autistic children.