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INTRODUCTION@#Numerous heart failure risk scores have been developed but there is none for Asians. We aimed to develop a risk calculator, the Singapore Heart Failure Risk Score, to predict 1- and 2-year survival in Southeast Asian patients hospitalised for heart failure.@*MATERIALS AND METHODS@#Consecutive patients admitted for heart failure were identified from the Singapore Cardiac Databank Heart Failure registry. The follow-up was 2 to 4 years and mortality was obtained from national registries.@*RESULTS@#The derivation (2008-2009) and 2 validation cohorts (2008-2009, 2013) included 1392, 729 and 804 patients, respectively. Ten variables were ultimately included in the risk model: age, prior myocardial infarction, prior stroke, atrial fibrillation, peripheral vascular disease, systolic blood pressure, QRS duration, ejection fraction and creatinine and sodium levels. In the derivation cohort, predicted 1- and 2-year survival was 79.1% and 68.1% compared to actual 1- and 2-year survival of 78.2% and 67.9%. There was good agreement between the predicted and observed mortality rates (Hosmer-Lemeshow statistic = 14.36, = 0.073). C-statistics for 2-year mortality in the derivation and validation cohorts were 0.73 (95% CI, 0.70-0.75) and 0.68 (95% CI, 0.64-0.72), respectively.@*CONCLUSION@#We provided a risk score based on readily available clinical characteristics to predict 1- and 2-year survival in Southeast Asian patients hospitalised for heart failure via a simple online risk calculator, the Singapore Heart Failure Risk Score.
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Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of modified suanzaorentang,on primary insomnia over a period of 4 weeks on both subjective and objective sleep quality.Methods:A prospective,randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled trial (RCT) involving 162 primary insomniac subjects (mean age 47 years,range 21 to 64 years;female:68.5％) was conducted at 2 university hospital sleep centers in Hong Kong.Among 162 subjects,86％ (n =139) completed the whole trial.Participants received either 4 weeks Chinese herbal formula (modified suanzaorentang group) or placebo by block randomization.Main outcome measures were subjective measures of sleep quality,and objective outcome measures including sleep onset latency,wake after sleep onset,sleep efficiency and sleep stages derived from polysomnography,and sleep variability from actigraphy.Results:After 4-week of treatment,the treatment group showed more improvement in subjective sleep quality as measured 100 mm visual analogue scales [deepness of sleep,95％ CI =-16.0(-22.1--9.9) vs.-7.1 (-13.3--1.0),P ＜ 0.05;refreshing sleep,95％ CI =-12.0(-18.2--5.8) vs.-2.2(-8.9-4.5),P ＜ 0.05] than placebo group.However,the two groups did not have any differences over the objective measures and the Insomnia Severity Index total score.No difference in overall adverse events was found between the two groups.Conclusion:The study shows that a short term (4 weeks) treatment of modified suanzaorentang could improve perceived sleep quality but not subjective sleep difficulty or objective sleep parameters.In particular,modified suanzaorentang has good safety profile and tolerability.