RESUMEN
A primary survey during the year 2021-22 was carried out among the 240 farmers of Bidar and Gulbarga districts of North Eastern Transition Zone in Karnataka to study the farmer’s perception on climate change for the period 1979 to 2019 and validate their opinions with the change in the meteorological indicators. About 74 percent of farmers expressed that there is a decline in crop yield while 83 percent of farmers opined that is a shift of employment from farm to non-farm activities during the period of forty years. Farmers practice various farm adaptation strategies activities to overcome the effect of climate change. Through Garatte ranking, it is revealed that most of the farmers prefer to practice alteration of sowing dates of crop (rank 1) as adaptation strategy followed by using of drought tolerant varieties (rank 2) and mixed cropping (rank3). Binary Logit analysis was used to identify the socio- economic attributes of households influencing the adoption of adaptation strategy to climate change. The results showed that, the variables like farm size, access to institutional credit, live stock ownership and climate information are the factors which positively shows significant influence on adoption. Economic incentives play an important role in the adoption of modern technologies. Access to institutional credit will support the farmers financially in adopting water conservation techniques like farm ponds, micro irrigation products.
RESUMEN
Efficient water management through farm pond technology is a great initiative by Krishi Bhagya Yojana scheme in 2015. Out of 240 sample farmers, about 180 farmers are adopters and 60 are non adopters of farm pond technology in Bidar and Gulbarga districts of Karnataka. Majority of farmers prefer farm pond of size 30 m × 30 m × 3 m as during Kharif season with storage capacity of 2700 cubic metric which is able to irrigate 1.5 ha land area .Through analysis, it is found that, the cropping intensity was increased to 225 per cent from 203.75 which accounts 9.47 per cent change to that of the base year. The percent change in area under rabicrops was relatively more when compared with farm ponds which directly increase their income by sale of crops in market. The number of migrating people decreased from six to three persons after adoption of KBY by the beneficiary farmers. The most influencing factors in adoption of farm pond technology by farmers are access to rural credit, diffusion of information and adoption of high value crops.
RESUMEN
Introduction: The present study was conducted to note the osteological evidence of a synovial joint between clavicle and first rib in Indians. Material and Methods: The present study was conducted on 310 pairs of adult clavicles and first ribs, out of which 210 pairs were males and 100 pairs were females obtained from the Anatomy department of Pt. B. D. Sharma Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak. The articular facets were studied and measured with the help of a sliding Vernier caliper (Micropole). Results: Among 210 pairs (420 no.) of male clavicles examined, 6 clavicles (2.86%) had a circumscribed smooth articular facet with well-defined margins. Out of these 6 clavicles, 3 (1.43%) were of right side and 3(1.43%) were of left side. A corresponding facet was present on the first ribs of the same skeletons. The facets were found to be present unilaterally and that too in males only. The measurements of the articular facets on the rhomboid area of the clavicles and ribs were-the average length, width and elevation was 7mm, 5.4mm and 2.2mm respectively. Conclusion: These articular facets on the rhomboid area of clavicles and first ribs are osteological evidence of a synovial articulation between clavicle and first rib.
RESUMEN
Background: Panoramic Mandibular Index (PMI) is a quantitative radiomorphometric index of the mandible. It is an important indicator of mandibular bone mineral density. Objectives: To examine the age and gender related variations associated with the panoramic mandibular index and their effect in a group of North-Indian population of Haryana. Methods: 60 adult human orthopantomographs were evaluated and divided into six age groups (35-65 years) with equal number of males and females. Panoramic mandibular index was measured bilaterally on every radiograph. The measurements were analyzed for interactions with age and sex, using SPSS (Stastistical Package for Social Studies) software version no. 18. The tests employed were Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney and the unpaired T-test. Results: The male mean panoramic mandibular index values ranged from 0.3 ± 0.025 to 0.381 ± 0.019, whereas the female mean panoramic mandibular values ranged from 0.286 ± 0.306 to 0.36 ± 0.007. Panoramic mandibular index showed significant negative correlation with age in both the sexes. Inter-age group comparisons showed statistically significant differences between the youngest and eldest age-groups in both the genders. Female values were lower than male values in all age groups, but sexual dimorphism was not observed. Conclusion: Panoramic mandibular index was influenced significantly by the variations in age but minimally by the gender related variations.
RESUMEN
Background: The gonial region of mandible plays a significant role in the determination of mandibular basal bone morphology. Gonial Angle is important for maintenance of a harmonius facial profile whereas Gonial Index is an indicator of the bone quality of the mandibular gonial region. Objectives: To examine the influence of age on two quantitative radiomorphometric indices of mandible, Gonial Angle (GA) and Gonial Index (GI) in a group of North-Indian population. Material and Methods: 60 adult human orthopantomographs were evaluated and divided into six age groups (35-65 years) with equal number of cases. Gonial Angle and Gonial Index were measured bilaterally on each radiograph. The measurements were analyzed for interactions with age and other interrelationships between the indices. The data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Studies) software version No. 18 and Mann- Whitney tests were used for various comparisons. Results: Gonial angle showed a significant positive correlation with age as the mean gonial angle values showed an increase with increasing age. Whereas in sharp contrast to this, gonial index showed no correlation with age as the mean gonial index values showed no pattern of either increase or decrease with increase in age. The correlation between gonial angle and gonial index was statistically insignificant (p>0.05). Conclusion: Age had a significant influence on the angular radiomorphometric index i.e. gonial angle but the linear radiomorphometric index i.e. gonial index remained independent of age.