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The relevance of Water in human life and agro-ecosystems has been extensively illustrated for decades around the globe. Despite the reality that the earth is mostly surrounded by water, its utility has been limited to domestic consumption and agricultural purposes. Thus, tweaking water usage in agricultural systems has been a tricky problem in order to meet the requirements of the growing population and to obtain more crop yield per drop of water in agriculture. In this review, an attempt has been made to revisit the methods available to improve water use efficiency in agriculture.
RESUMEN
Pulses have been described as a "poor man's meat and affluent man's vegetable" in India. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the third most legume crop grown during rabi season under receding soil moisture. Chickpeas is known to flourish in drought-prone conditions, but it seems to be sensitive to heat stress exceptionally during reproductive development, resulting in considerable yield loss. The performance of chickpeas under heat stress is more variable. It is crucial to develop screening tools to identify thermotolerant chickpea genotypes because of the increase in average global temperatures. In this view, a lab experiment was conducted to standardize the temperature induction response (TIR) protocol for chickpea seeds. The 70 % hydrated seeds were used for the experiment. This technique can be used as a potential tool to identify and select temperature tolerant lines at the seed stage itself from a large population. A set of six chickpea genotypes were screened for intrinsic tolerance using the standardized Thermo Induced Response (TIR) protocol. Among the genotypes JG-14, JG-11 and A-1 showed highest thermo tolerance in terms of higher survival of seeds (germination percentage) and seedlings with less per cent reduction in seedling survival, root and shoot growth. The genotypes with intrinsic heat tolerance can be explored for the development of varieties suitable for late sown conditions in Karnataka where chickpea is prone to terminal heat stress. The results of the study concluded and standardized the sub lethal temperature as 32 ºC to 50 ºC for 5 hours and 30 min, lethal temperature i.e., challenging temperature as 58 ? for 3 hours and LD 50 as 52 ? for 3 hours at seed level itself.
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Vaidyaka Paribhasha Pradipa was written by Govind Sen, son of Krishna Vallabh Sen. Vidyotini Hindi Tika was written by Indradev Tripathi. The book Vaidyaka Paribhasha Pradipa consists of almost all references collected from various Samhitas regarding the fundamental principles and different Ayurvedic herbal pharmaceutical preparations and descriptions on Panchakarma. The whole content of the book is divided into 4 Khandas. Prathama khanda deals with Mana paribhasha, Dravya samgrahana vidhi, and shelf life of different Kalpana etc. Dwitiya khanda deals with Panchavidha kashaya kalpana and its Upakalpana and dose. Tritiya khanda deals with Sneha kalpana, Sandhana kalpana and Paribhasha of different Gana. Chaturtha khanda deals with Panchakarma procedures and Sneha murchana. The present book review mainly focuses to highlight the framework of Vaidyaka Paribhasha Pradipa, provides information about the author, details of 4 Khandas, a special contribution to the field of pharmaceutical science by the author. Thus, Vaidyaka Paribhasha Pradipa, the compilation book on Bhaishajya Kalpana is a very essential and mandatory book for those who aspire to gain basic, clear, and thorough knowledge in Ayurvedic pharmaceuticals. It is one of the indispensable reference books. The present book is designed to help the young practitioners who prepare medicines and graduates and post-graduate scholars get a clear idea of medicine preparation.
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Background: Labour pain is among the most severe pain experienced by women. It is unpleasant and distressing to the parturient. The objective of the study was to evaluate and compare the analgesic efficacy and adverse effects of intramuscular tramadol and pethidine in labour. Methods: The prospective study conducted in SDM College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Department of OBG, from December 2013 to November 2014. The study was a study of the parturients admitted in the labour theatre. Written and informed consent was taken from all the patients enrolled in the study. One hundred parturient at term in active labour were randomly assigned to one of the two groups to receive intramuscularly either tramadol 100 mg or pethidine 75 mg. Results: Results were comparable in terms of maternal age, maternal weight and neonatal weight. Proportion of cases with satisfactory to good pain relief was 74% in the tramadol group and 78% in the pethidine group. Nausea and/or vomiting (12% versus 8%), fatigue (6% versus 4%) and drowsiness (8% versus 4%) were significantly high in the pethidine group than the tramadol group(p<0.05). The drugs used did not appear to influence the mode of delivery. Proportion of cases with non-reassuring foetal heart rate was high in the pethidine group. Meconium stained liquor was equally seen in both the groups and there were no incidence of neonatal respiratory depression in any of the groups.Conclusion: Tramadol is an equally effective labour analgesic as pethidine with less maternal and perinatal side effects.
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Background: A growing body of evidence suggests that inflammation plays the key role in different cardiovascular diseases. But very study has been done so far in relation to serum interleukin-6 in heart failure patients. The aim of the study was to measure serum interleukin-6 in heart failure patients.Methods: Total 22 heart failure patients and 22 age and sex matched controls were included in this study from August 2015 to June 2016 for serum analysis of interleukin-6.Results: serum interleukin-6 was significantly [median(IQR) 14.3(26.2) pg/mL] increased in heart failure patients compared to age and sex matched controls [median(IQR) 0(2.4) pg/mL].Conclusions: Even though little is known about function of interleukin-6 in heart failure patients, this study shows that increased level of IL-6 in heart failure patients plays an important role as a pro-inflammatory marker in development of cardiovascular disease i.e. heart failure.