Toxigenic Profiling of Enterotoxin-Producing Bacillus cereus Isolated from Marketed Raw Chicken Meat and Human Subjects by Triplex and Multiplex PCR

Bacillus cereus incorporates the most important group of endospore-forming micro organism and can cause emetic and diarrheal food poisoning. A total of 42 B. cereus strains isolated from marketed raw chicken meat and human subjects swab samples were assessed by a triplex and multiplex PCR for the presence of enterotoxin genes. The detection rate of nheB, hblA, hblD, cytK, nheA,CER, hblC and entFM enterotoxin genes among all B. cereus strains was 83.33%, 80.95%, 69.04%, 21.42%, 47.61%, 0%, 61.90%, and 92.85% respectively. Enterotoxigenic profiles were determined in enterotoxin-producing strains showed 19 different patterns. The results offer essential information on toxin genes prevalence and toxigenic profiles of B. cereus from sources of origin. The present study was taken into consideration about extreme fitness danger for public health and insuring extra ability in difficulty to food safety amongst all B. cereus group members. Also, there may be need for extensive and continuous tracking of food products embracing both emetic toxin and enterotoxin genes.

Resistant Pattern of Therapeutics Antimicrobial Challenged on Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacterium Isolated from Marketed Raw Buffalo Milk

The study was designed to isolate predominance contamination of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in marketed raw buffalo milk (n=122) samples, collected from private dairy farms from different places of south Gujarat, India. Pre-enrichment of 1 ml of each sample was done with inoculation in 9 ml tryptone soya broth and incubated at 37ºC for 24 hrs. A loopful of culture was taken from broth and streaked on selective Pseudomonas agar F plates and incubated at 37ºC for 24 hrs, after completion of incubation period, the colonies characteristics were studied and further confirmed by various biochemical tests and found 14 samples contaminated with P. aeruginosa, were further more biochemical testes are used and give positive results with IMViC, Motility test, catalase and sugar fermentation confirm at 37ºC for 24 hrs incubation. All biochemically conformed isolates were further subjected for molecular characterization and were also tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by using various antibiotics discs such as vancomycin, penicillin, tylosin, cefixime, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, ceftriaxone, cefixime, tetracycline, streptomycin, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, oxytetracycline and gentamicin, which has shown multi drug resistant ranging from seven to nine antimicrobials and Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index ranges from 0.50 to 0.64.The isolates of P. aeruginosa in the present study are extremely resistant to vancomycin, penicillin, tylosin, cefixime, chloramphenicol and maximum sensitive to ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin followed by gentamicin. Further statistical analysis of antibiotics wise zone diameter interpretative standard (mm) reveled susceptibility phenotypes under significant of difference at P≤0.05 in one way ANOVA using Duncan’s multiple range test and found ciprofloxacin having maximum sensitivity among antibiotic tested and it could be considered as a drug of choice for controlling P. aeruginosa mediated animal and human infections in the studied regions for insuring food safety as well.

A Study of Metabolic Syndrome and its Components in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Subjects and their Asymptomatic First-degree Relatives.

Objectives: To study clinical profile of metabolic syndrome and its individual components in type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects and their asymptomatic first-degree relatives. To identify risk factors of glucose intolerance. Material and methods: Randomly selected type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) subjects age >40 years (n = 20, 10 males, 10 females) and their asymptomatic first-degree relatives age >30 years (excluding pregnant women) (n = 80; 46 males; 34 females) subjected to regression analysis with reference to components of metabolic syndrome (waist circumference, serum triglyceride, serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL), fasting plasma glucose, hypertension) and other variables. Student t-test was used for comparison of results. Results: Among T2DM subjects: Ninety percent were hypertensive, 85% had low HDL, 30% males and 80% females had central obesity, 85% had metabolic syndrome. Among asymptomatic first-degree relatives of T2DM subjects: 48.7% had metabolic syndrome; hypertension, low HDL, central obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, T2DM were present in 52.5%, 68.7%, 48.7%, 26.2%, 35%, respectively. In subjects with abnormal glucose level (n = 49) 59.18% subjects and in subjects with normal glucose level (n = 31) 32.25% met the criteria for metabolic syndrome (p = 0.023). Impaired fasting glucose, increased hip circumference and low HDL independently determined two hours glycemia value in OGTT. (R2 = 0.7; p = 0.001). Conclusion: In T2DM and their asymptomatic first-degree relatives, hypertension and low HDL were commonest components of metabolic syndrome, females were more obese. Glucose intolerance was significantly associated with other components of metabolic syndrome. Impaired fasting glucose, increased hip circumference and low HDL levels were risk factors for glucose intolerance.

Immunomodulatory activity of boswellic acids of Boswellia serrata Roxb.

Extract of gum resin of B. serrata containing 60% acetyl 11-keto beta boswellic acid (AKBA) along with other constituents such as 11-keto beta-boswellic acid (KBA), acetyl beta-boswellic acid and beta-boswellic acid has been evaluated for antianaphylactic and mast cell stabilizing activity using passive paw anaphylaxis and compound 48/80 induced degranulation of mast cell methods. The extract inhibited the passive paw anaphylaxis reaction in rats in dose-dependant manner (20, 40 and 80 mg/kg, po). However, the standard dexamethasone (0.27 mg/kg, po) revealed maximum inhibition of edema as compared to the extract. A significant inhibition in the compound 48/80 induced degranulation of mast cells in dose-dependant manner (20, 40 and 80 mg/kg, po) was observed thus showing mast cell stabilizing activity. The standard disodium cromoglycate (50 mg/kg, ip) was found to demonstrate maximum per cent protection against degranulation as compared to the extract containing 60% AKBA. The results suggest promising antianaphylactic and mast cell stabilizing activity of the extract.

Pharmacological activities of Genistein, an isoflavone from soy (Glycine max): part II--anti-cholesterol activity, effects on osteoporosis & menopausal symptoms.

Phytoestrogens represent a family of plant compounds such as isoflavones, flavones and lignans. A wide range of commonly consumed foods contains appreciable amounts of different phytoestrogens such as isoflavones and lignans. Soy and its products are particularly good sources of isoflavones and lignans. The evidence reviewed here represents the beneficial effects of most potential and promising isoflavone, Genistein in various types of diseases such as osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases, menopausal symptoms by accumulating evidence from molecular and cellular biology experiments, animal studies, and, to a limited extent, human clinical trials. This review suggests that phytoestrogens may potentially confer health benefits related to various diseases such as cardiovascular disorder, menopausal symptoms, and osteoporosis.

Pharmacological activities of Genistein, an isoflavone from soy (Glycine max): part I--anti-cancer activity.

Phytoestrogens represent a family of plant compounds such as isoflavones, flavones and lignans. A variety of these plant compounds have been identified in various human body fluids. A wide range of commonly consumed foods contains appreciable amounts of these different phytoestrogens, viz. soy products are particularly good sources of isoflavones and lignans. Accumulating evidences from molecular and cellular biology experiments, animal studies, and to a limited extent, human clinical trials suggests that phytoestrogens may potentially confer health benefits related to various cancers and diseases such as cardiovascular disorder. The evidences reviewed here represent the beneficial effects of most potential and promising isoflavone, Genistein in various types of cancers.

Humoral immunological profile of workers exposed to asbestos in asbestos mines.

Humoral immunological profile including immunoglobulins IgG, IgA, IgM, C-reactive protein, rheumatoid factor, antinuclear antibodies and circulating immune complexes were studied in a representative sample of 36 workers suffering from asbestosis (group A), 35 workers who are exposed to asbestos but not having evidence of asbestosis (group B) and 28 control workers (group C). Mean IgG and IgA levels were found to be significantly higher in the two exposed groups than in the controls. Circulating immune complexes of IgG, IgA and IgM class were detected in a significant percentage of cases in exposed groups than in controls. In groups A and B, the percentage of positive ANF cases was much higher than in the controls. The results suggest that immunological changes are associated with exposure to asbestos and these may play an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease process.