Impact of female genital mutilation on second stage of labour in primigravida at Omdurman Maternity Hospital, Sudan 2010

To find out the impact of female genital mutilation [FGM] on the second stage of labour at Omdurman Maternity Hospital [OMH]. A descriptive cross-sectional study, for primigravidae delivered vaginally in 2010. After an informed consent circumcised women, were included as study group and uncircumcised ladies as control group. Data was collected by trained registrars using a structured questionnaire to collect frequency of postpartum haemorrhage [PPH], perineal tear, birth asphyxia, neonatal death and hospital stay. A total of 1961 primigravidae, delivered in 2010 at OMH, 629[32.1%] were circumcised and 1332[67.9%] were uncircumcised. There was no significant difference in the mode of delivery and episiotomy. FGM places women at a greater risk during childbirth, endangering their health and their babies compared to uncircumcised.

Impact of spinal anesthesia on cesarean section outcome in Omdurman maternity hospital - Sudan 2011

The cesarean section is indicated when vaginal delivery is not safe for the mother or the baby. A descriptive study done in Omdurman maternity hospital-OMH to assess the impact of spinal anesthesia [SA] on cesarean section[C/S], including, intra and post operative maternal complications, neonatal outcome and patients' satisfaction in 2011. Women delivered by C/S under SA were included in the study after an informed consent. All women in the study were operated on by trained registrars or obstetricians, under SA given, either by anesthetist or assistant anesthetist under supervision with similar conditions and were followed till discharge from hospital. Total number of deliveries at OMH in 2011 were 30397, 21677 [71.3%] delivered vaginally, 8720 [28.7%] delivered by C/S, only 24 women [0.3%] delivered under general anaethesia- GA. Women included in the study were 1029, 517 [50.2%] were elective and 512 [49.8%] were emergency C/S. Intra- operatively, 79 women [7.7%] developed hypotension, their BP dropped by more than 30 mmHg, four women developed severe shivering for which they received intravenous 25 mg pethedine, and 44 neonates received oxygen by mask and only one needed endotranchial intubation. Post operatively, only two women had disabling headache, 24 women [2.4%] had episodes of vomiting and 199 [19.3%] had pain in their lower limbs, buttock and thigh, it disappeared completely before discharge. In this study, 880 women [85.5%] were satisfied with SA, while 149 [14.5%] were not satisfied due to pain at the time of puncture, headache, or transient lower limb pain after operation. Spinal anesthesia is increasingly used for C/S in this hospital, with excellent patients' satisfaction, without increase in maternal and neonatal mortality or morbidity

Premenopausal women life style as factor leading to osteoporosis

This is an descriptive study aimed at evaluate premenopausal women life style as factor leading to osteoporosis It was conducted at the bone density out patient clinic at Ain Shams University Hospital. It started in 24 December 2009 and was completed by 24 June 2010. The sample was consisted of [245] premenopausal woman using purposive sample technique according to the following criteria; age less than 45 years, still menstruate and have different religion, educational level and social standard and agreed to participate in the study. Two types of tools were used for data collection and conduction of the study. These consisted of woman's knowledge regard osteoporosis structured interviewing Arabic questionnaire sheet. And supportive material in the form of an educational Arabic booklet about life style for osteoporosis among premenopausal women. Results revealed that two-thirds of study sample [64.1%] in the age group 40-<45 years. They all lived in rural residence, and almost all of them were married [97.1%]. Slightly more than one third of the women were illiterate [34.7%], and about two-fifth were working [41.6%].Regarding total knowledge about the menopause and osteoporosis among women in the study sample ,results displayed that only slightly more than one-tenth of them [10.6%] had total satisfactory knowledge. Concerning dietary life style practices related to osteoporosis the results revealed that 83.7% of them reported taking calcium-rich food; only about half of them [53.1%] reported drinking milk. Also, only about one-third [33.5%] reported regularly eating dairy products. As for risky habits, only one woman [0.4%] reported smoking, and 70.6% reported regularly drinking soda. The vitamin D and calcium supplements were reported to be taken by only 1.2% and 5.3%, respectively. the present study draw attention to a critical point that that premenopausal women in the study sample have a marked deficiency in their knowledge regarding menopausal changes and osteoporosis. This is associated with a lack of adequate life style practices for minimizing osteoporosis. Therefore, the researchers recommend conduction of awareness women educational programs in different stage should concentrate on proper lifestyle as physical exercise, sun exposure and proper diet as well as faulty dietary habits and soda drinking that may protect them from the risk of osteoporosis

Pattern of physical and psychological abuse and neglect among preparatory school students in Gharbia Governorate, Egypt

Child abuse and neglect is a crowing national and international public health problem. The present study aimed at studying pattern of child abuse and neglect among preparatory school students in Gharbia Governorate, Egypt. A total of 16 preparatory school students in Gharbia Governorate, Egypt were chosen by stratified random sample. Two classes from each grade level [1st. 2nd and 3rd] were randomly selected with an average class size of about 50 students. The total number of students who completed the study was 4476. They completed self report questionnaire containing socio-demographic data and data about physical and psychological abuse and neglect. Measurement of weight and height were done. Body mass index was calculated. The response rate of this survey was 97.3%. Among the 4476 responding students, the mean age was 13.16 +/- 1.78 years. prevalence of very severe assaults, severe physical maltreatment, moderate physical maltreatment, non violent discipline, psychological maltreatment and neglect were 2.08%, 18.61%, 55.07%, 90.59%, 84.72% and 71.72% respectively. Furthermore, students who were male, of younger age [below 13 years], and of lower parental education level who are victim of spousal abuse, smoker or depressed were identified as being at significant risk of maltreatment. Child maltreatment was practiced by mothers and fathers and to lesser extent by relatives and others as teachers. Of health problems associated with child abuse; 56.66% had deficits in attention, 33.18% had psychological disorders, 17.63% had depression and anxiety, 16.64% were complaining of chronic fatigue and 10.77% had obesity. There is a very high prevalence of physical and psychological abuse and neglect among preparatory school children practiced by parents and relatives with devastating associated health problems that pay attention to the importance of planning a comprehensive prevention and control program to this health problem

Efficacy of technical nursing concern on prevention and management of pressure ulcers

This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of technical nursing concern on prevention and management of pressure ulcers. A quasi-experimental design was used in the conduction of this study as a research methodology. The study was conducted in the following units [oncology, intensive care, orthopedic, neurological and bum at children hospital, Ain Shams Hospital, El-Demerdash Hospital, El-Mataria Hospital and New Children Hospital. A purposive sample included 100 pediatric nurses, 80 medical-surgical nurses, 75 child aged from 6-18 years plus 50 adult patients without pressure ulcers at admission and 50 child plus 50 adult patients having ulcers from the aforementioned settings. Different tools were used for data collection [pre/post tests]; 1] Self-administered questionnaire to assess nurses' knowledge, 2] An observation checklist to assess nurses' practice, 3] The Braden scale for predicting risk of pressure ulcers; 4] Pressure ulcers assessment scale and 5] Pressure ulcers healing scale. The study revealed that there were highly statistically significant differences between knowledge and practice of nurses in different settings about pressure ulcers [prevention and management] in pre/ post tests. Increasing technical nursing concern through educational program had a positive effect on prevention and management of pressure ulcers. The educational programs and workshops about pressure ulcers [prevention and management] are needed. Further studies are needed to shed light on non-traditional methods of pressure ulcers management

Gram negative aerobic bacteria associated with an acute colitis and diarrhea in horse farm and evaluation of the efficacy of salmonella newport autogenous bacterin

Field problem in a governmental horse farm accompanied with a fever, acute colitis and diarrhea was investigated. A total, 58 fecal samples, 7 samples obtained from horses suffering from acute colitis and diarrhea and 51 fecal samples from horses had mild diarrhea. Bacteriological examination of 7 samples revealed isolation of Salmonella Newport, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca and Proteus species with an incidence of 85.7%, 42.9%, 28.6% and 14.3% respectively while examination of 51 fecal samples obtained from horses had mild diarrhea revealed isolation of E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella oxytoca, Citrobacter freundii, Proteus species Kiebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella Newport with an incidence of 86.3%, 39.2%, 29.4%, 25.5%, 21.6%, 11.8% and 2%, respectively. Serological identification of Salmonella species and E. coli were carried out. Salmonella enterica serotype Newport was recovered from 6 out of 7 horses suffering of acute colitis and diarrhea while it could be isolated from a horse had mild diarrhea. Salmonella Newport was isolated from the colonic mucosa and mesenteric lymph node of 2 dead horse. No Salmonella species could be isolated from feed and water. Analysis of the questionnaires showed access to new arrival the source of Salmonella excretion on horse farm. An experimental approach to control spreading of S. Newport by using a prepared S. Newport autogenous bacterin was evaluated in mouse model. Immunogenicity and protection studies against S. Newport challenge were performed in Balb/C mice. Mice were immunized I/M and S/C with 2 doses of an autogenous bacterin. Antibody responses were determined by enzyme-Linked-immunosorbent assay [ELISA]. Also, non-specific immune responses including nitric oxide production [NO], catalase activity and hydrogen peroxide release [H[2]O[2]], have been measured. Immunization of mice with the autogenous bacterin resulted in a significant enhancement of humoral response following to vaccination and challenge as compared to control group. Additionally, this immunization succeeded in raising NO production, activating catalase and increase H[2]O[2] release. Increasing survival was noticed in immunized mice [80% and 66.7%] being declined in challenged non-immunized group [6.7%]. It was concluded that the prepared autogenous S. Newport bacterin could elaborate not only humoral immune responses but also host innate responses against S. Newport. However, more studies should be conducted under field condition to evaluate the efficacy of vaccine

Serum levels of some trace elements in relation to fetal and neonatal gain of weight

Fetal growth retardation is the consequence of complex pathology involving the fetus, the placenta, the mother and/or a combination of the three. Recent interest has turned to micronutrients as possible limiting factors for fetal growth; some micronutrients are structural components of body tissues and others are essential for growth including energy protein metabolism, gene transcription, endocrine function and nutrient support. The present work aimed at studying the status of Zn, Mg, Cu and Se supply level to the fetus through the umbilical cord vein and their consumption efficiency. Forty full term neonates divided into 2 groups were studied. Group I [control group] included 20 healthy term appropriate for gestational age [AGA] neonates. Group II consisted of 20 healthy term small for gestational age [SGA] neonates. They were studied at birth and fourteen of them were restudied at 4 weeks of age. All studied neonates were subjected to detailed history [antenatal, natal and neonatal]and thorough clinical examination [gestational age assessment, anthropometric measurements as regards weight, head circumference and length]. Pairs of arterial [UCA] and venous umbilical cord [UCV] blood were collected separately from all 40 term neonates. Venipuncture of the 14 neonates restudied 4 weeks of age was done. Serum levels of the trace elements Zinc [Zn], Magnesium [Mg], Copper [Cu] and Selenium [Se] were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometric technique. The AGA and SGA neonates were well matched as regards, sex distribution and exposure to maternal smoking. However, smoking was associated with lower body weight and higher serum Cu levels among the neonates of the two groups. The mean serum levels of Zn and Mg were significantly lower in UCV among SGA term neonates as compared to AGA term neonates, while serum Cu levels in UCV were lower but not to a significant level. On the other hand, serum selenium levels in UCV were not different in between SGA and AGA term newborns. The consumption efficiency of these four trace elements was reduced among the SGA neonates. However, this reduction was statistically significant as regards serum Zn, Mg and Se but not Cu. So, Zn and Mg had a significantly lower placental supply via UCV to the fetus and also significantly lower consumption efficiency among SGA than AGA term neonates. However, although Se supply was almost the same, its consumption efficiency was significantly reduced in the SGA compared to the AGA term newborns. On the other hand, both placental supply and consumption efficiency of Cu were not significantly different in the SGA compared to AGA term neonates. Serum levels of UCA were higher than those of UCV in one neonate as regards Zn and in four neonates as regards Cu but non as regards Mg and Se. The weight of SGA at 4 weeks was not significantly related to their serum cord levels of the four studied trace elements nor to their type of feeding. However, their serum levels of Zn and Mg decreased insignificantly. So, the role of these four essential trace elements is more pronounced as determinants of fetal growth than neonatal growth. Zn, Mg and Se but not Cu can be effectors of fetal growth and their monitoring and if possible correction can improve birth weight and hence reduce the neonatal morbidity and mortality of SGA births

Pharmacokinetic difference of some generic tablet gliclazide 80 mg on Pakistani population

The goal of rational drug therapy is to produce a desired pharmacological response in an acceptable and predictable manner while minimizing the occurrence of undesired events. The Pharmacokinetics of different generics of tablet gliclazide 80 mg was investigated on healthy [10 x 2], Pakistani subjects. For this exploration an open-label, randomized, two-period crossover [Balanced in Complete Block Design] study, was conducted The out come of the said study suggests that all generics were found analogous regarding pharmacokinetic behavior in-spite of having different excipients, concentration of excipients, sources of raw material, manufacturing process, machinery, resources and also inter individual variation of the study. Results of the study also undoubtedly advocate that generics manufactured in different manufacturing units of Pakistan are near to the standard formulation and produce comparable results. No significant differences in pharmacokinetics parameters were observed, however, minor differences might narrate with inter individual variation in human volunteers and in different generic as well as different pharmaceutical unit

Novel vip analogues: relative potency, duration of action and antagonism to relaxant effect of natural vip on guinea pig trachea

This study was performed on two novel VIP analogues; namely, [N1e17, A1a24, A1a25, Va126]-VIP-[1-27]-NH2 [analogue 1] and [Ser [SO3H]3, Nle17-VIP [analogue 2], which were obtained by undergoing certain changes in the amino acid sequence of the VIP molecule in a trial to reach a novel more stable, but still active form of VIP. Relative potency as well as duration of action of the two analogues was tested versus that of native VIP on isolated guinea pig tracheal strips placed in organ baths. Changes in smooth muscle tension were measured by isometric force transducers and recorded continuously. Analogue 1 was significantly more potent and had a significantly longer duration of action than natural VIP as a tracheal relaxant at the lower concentration range of 5 x 10-9 M to 5 x 10-8 M and its maximal relaxing effect was 72% of that of native VIP. Analogue 2 was significantly much less potent than natural VIP at all concentrations tested with maximal potency of only 11% of that of native VIP and showed shorter duration of action. However, it significantly reduced VIP-induced tracheal relaxation. The encouraging results with analogue 1 suggest its clinical trial in therapy of bronchial asthma. As VIP antagonists may potently inhibit the basal growth of cancer cells in vitro and certain tumors in vivo, especially lung carcinoma, analogue 2 may serve as a useful candidate in this respect. The interesting findings with the two analogues suggest further investigation to enhance their potency, whether agonistic [for analogue 1] or antagonistic [for analogue 2], at VIP receptors by additional changes in their molecules to improve the chance of possible clinical applications

Total and placental alkaline phosphatases in pleural effusion cases

Total and placental alkaline phosphatases were estimated in serum, bronchoalveolar lavage and pleural fluid of 40 patients with different aetiologies of pleural effusion [20 malignant, 15 tuberculous and 5 transudative] in a trial to evaluate its possible diagnostic role. The results showed that serum, bronchoalveolar lavage and pleural fluid total and placental alkaline phosphatases were significantly higher [P < 0.01] in patients with exudative effusion [malignant and tuberculous] when compared with those of transudative or control group. This rise was more marked [P < 0.01] in smoker than non smoker. There was a statistically significant differences [P < 0.001] in the mean values of pleural fluid total and placental alkaline phosphatases between exudative and transudative groups with no overlap in the individual values estimation of pleural fluid alkaline phosphatase [total and placental] is helpful parameter in differentiating exudative from transudative effusion. Local and systemic alkaline phosphatases could be considered as a tissue injury marker. Smoking raises alkaline phosphatases [total and placental]

Vascular effects induced by long term treatment with beta blockers in rats

The aim of this study was to study the possible effects of prolonged treatment with metoprolol and propranolol on vascular reactivity. Normotensive male rats were used and they were divided into three groups. First group, received metoprolol, second group received propranolol and third group served as control. Their aortae were isolated and studied for their reactivity and comparison done between pretreatment preparation and control ones. There was a significant increase in the contractile response to noradrenaline in the aortic rings taken from metoprolol or propranolol treated rats as compared with controls. In contrast, there was nonsignificant difference in contractile response to phenylephrine. The relaxation response to acetylcholine in tonically contracted aortic rings showed significant increase in relaxation of aortic rings taken from metoprolol or propranolol treated rats as compared ith control. Whereas, there was no significant change in the relaxant response to sodium nitroprussid in pretreated aortic preparation compared with the control ones

Underestimation of malnutrition among Pakistani infants weighed with clothes on

Many growth monitoring programmes at health facilities and in communities in Pakistan weigh children with their clothes on. The nutritional status of infants at the Rawalpindi General Hospital was estimated from weight without clothes on and showed that about 8% of malnourished children were being missed. This underestimation mostly affected children with grade II and grade III malnutrition. Generally, more boys have normal nutritional status than girls. Accordingly, weight with clothes on was found to underestimate the malnutrition status of girls more than that of boys. Children should be weighed without clothes on so as estimate their nutritional status and risk accurately

impact of dietary counseling to malnourished children and their mothers on children's nutrition

This study was carried out at governmental primary school chosen randomly. A quota sample of 554 children was chosen from the total school population aged 6-12 years. Malnourished children [415] were identified. This group was the subject of the study. This study showed that about 70% of the children and their mothers were not knowledgeable about their nutritional needs, it also showed that more than 75% of the children were malnourished. Physical assessment of the malnourished children showed many physical problems. Anthropometric measurements improved after providing the children with an adequate meal and nutritional information. Attention should be given during elementary school years to enhance good eating habits and good nutritional status which are totally interdependent

Feeding cyromazine to luhmann hens: residues in tissues and effects on some biochemical constituents

Cyromazine was fed to Lohmann hens at 0.15 ppm level supplemented the basal diet for three eeks. The build up of cyromazine residues in liver and muscles of hens up to 7th, the balance between cyromazine intake and elimination had taken place between 7 and 10 days. After cyromazine was withdrawn from the diet its residues was depleted within seven days. During the three weeks of feeding on the treated diet, the accumulated residues reduced the blood glucose and hepatic protein significantly up to two weeks, while the hepatic lipids was slightly increased on the 7th day. Also, such residues had adverse effects on the activities of alkaline phosphatase [AP] and transminases [GOT, GPT] and extend on red blood cells, white blood cells, hemoglobin content [Hb] and packed cell volume [PCV] compared with the untreated hens

Influence of dietary lupin seed mixed diet on serum cholesterol level in normal and diabetic rabbits

Fractions of lupine seed were added to the diet of both normal and diabetic hypercholesterolemic rabbits for 8 weeks. The effects on blood glucose, plasma glucagon and plasma cholesterol levels were investigated. The lipid extract had no effect. The defatted fraction, which is rich in fibers [11.0%] and contains 0.3% of alkaloid, significantly lowered basal blood glucose, plasma glucagon and plasma cholesterol levels in normal rabbits. The addition of this fraction to the food of diabetic hypercholesterolemic rabbits caused a decrease of cholesterolemic and reduced hyperglycemia. In conclusion, the defatted portion of lupine seed induced a hypocholesterolemic effect

Total inferior turbinectomy

A study involving 63 patients undergoing total inferior turbinectomy was done at CMH Rawalpindi to find out its effect on relief of obstruction, and to see various complications following operation like ozaena. Total 115 turbinectomies were done. 52 bilateral and 11 unilateral. The follow up period was minimum one year. We conclude that this is a safe and very effective procedure and it has not shown any atrophic changes in nose in our climatic conditions