The effect of heated breathing circuit on body temperature and humidity of anesthetic gas in major burns / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Cold and dry gas mixtures during general anesthesia cause the impairment of cilliary function and hypothermia. Hypothermia and pulmonary complications are critical for the patients with major burn. We examined the effect of heated breathing circuit (HBC) about temperature and humidity with major burned patients. METHODS: Sixty patients with major burn over total body surface area 25% scheduled for escharectomy and skin graft were enrolled. We randomly assigned patients to receiving HBC (HBC group) or conventional breathing circuit (control group) during general anesthesia. The esophageal temperature of the patients and the temperature and the absolute humidity of the circuit were recorded every 15 min after endotracheal intubation up to 180 min. RESULTS: There was no significant difference of the core temperature between two groups during anesthesia. The relative humidity of HBC group was significantly greater compared to control group (98% vs. 48%, P < 0.01). In both groups, all measured temperatures were significantly lower than that after intubation. CONCLUSIONS: The use of HBC helped maintain airway humidity, however it did not have the effect to minimize a body temperature drop in major burns.

Immunotherapy of Malignant Melanoma with Tumor Lysate-Pulsed Autologous Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells

PURPOSE: Dendritic cell (DC) vaccination for melanoma was introduced because melanoma carries distinct tumor-associated antigens. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of DC vaccination for melanoma in Korea. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five patients with stage IV and one with stage II were enrolled. Autologous monocyte-derived DCs (MoDCs) were cultured and pulsed with tumor-lysate, keyhole limpet hemocyanin, and cytokine cocktail for mature antigen-loaded DC. DC vaccination was repeated four times at 2-week intervals and 2-4x107 DC were injected each time. RESULTS: Reduced tumor volume was observed by PET-CT in three patients after DC vaccination. Delayed type hypersensitivity responses against tumor antigen were induced in five patients. Tumor antigen-specific IFN-gamma-producing peripheral blood mononuclear cells were detected with enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot in two patients. However, the overall clinical outcome showed disease progression in all patients. CONCLUSION: In this study, DC vaccination using tumor antigen-loaded, mature MoDCs led to tumor regression in individual melanoma patients. Further standardization of DC vaccination protocol is required to determine which parameters lead to better anti-tumor responses and clinical outcomes.

The Production and Functions of Reactive Oxygen Species in Mouse Bone Marrow-derived Dendritic Cells by Various Haptens and Irritants / 대한피부과학회지

BACKGROUND: Various allergens and irritants induced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the well-established mouse dendritic cell (DC) line XS106 and this production of ROS was inhibited by antioxidants. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the production and functions of ROS in mouse bone marrow-derived DCs (BM-DCs) by various haptens and irritants, we examined the production of ROS, the expression of surface molecules, and the production of interleukin-12 (IL-12) in mouse BM-DCs. METHODS: Six to eight-week-old female C57/BL6 mice were used in this study. Mouse BM-DCs were co-cultured with DNFB, DNCB, TNBS, hydroquinone, NiSO4, CoCl2, MnCl2, thimerosal, SDS, and BKC. The production of ROS and the expression of surface molecules (CD40, CD80, CD86, and MHC-II) were measured by flow cytometry in chemical-treated mouse BM-DCs. In addition, the cells were pretreated with antioxidants to determine whether the production of ROS can be inhibited. The production of IL-12 was also measured in DNCB and SDS-treated mouse BM-DCs using ELISA. Results: The production of ROS in mouse BM-DCs was induced by various allergens, including DNFB, DNCB, TNBS, hydroquinone, MnCl2 and irritants like SDS, BKC. The expression of surface molecules was induced by various chemicals and NiSO4 was the most potent inducer of surface molecules in mouse BM-DCs. The production of ROS in DNCB and SDS-treated mouse BM-DCs was partially inhibited by diphenylene iodonium, but not by rotenone, vitamin E, allopurinol, glutathione. The production of IL-12 was not detected in DNCB and SDS-treated mouse BM-DCs. CONCLUSION: The production of ROS was induced in mouse BM-DCs by various allergens and irritants. The expression of surface molecules was also induced by various chemicals. The production of ROS was partially inhibited by DPI. The production of IL-12 was not detected.

The changes of heart rate, blood pressure and cardiac index in burn surgery under propofol-remifentanil anesthesia and desflurane anesthesia

BACKGROUND: Major burns can alter the hemodynamic effect caused by anesthesia. Total intravenous anesthesia induces little hemodynamic change and desflurane has a rapid induction advantage among the different kinds of inhalation anesthesia. The study compared propofol and remifentanil anesthesia with desflurane anesthesia during induction and maintenance anesthesia. METHODS: Forty patients, who were scheduled for burn surgery, were randomly assigned to either Group 1 (n = 20) or Group 2 (n = 20). Group 1 was induced and maintained with an infusion of propofol and remifentanil. After inducing anesthesia with propofol and rocuromium, group 2 was maintained with desflurane. The heart rate and mean arterial pressure, and cardiac index were measured in the operation room, after induction (AI), after intubation (AT) and at 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes after intubation. RESULTS: There was a significantly lower heart rate in group 1 than in group 2. The heart rate of group 2 showed a significant increase at AI, AT, 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes after intubation. There was no significant difference in the mean arterial blood pressure and cardiac index between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: During burn surgery, total intravenous anesthesia was effective in attenuating the hemodynamic effects.

A clinical analysis of pelvic actinomycosis / 대한산부인과학회지

OBJECT: Pelvic actinomycosis is a relatively rare chronic suppurative and granulomatous infectious disease, caused by a gram-positive anaerobic bacteria. Actinomyces israelli is the most common subtype in human disease commonly associated with intrauterine device (IUD). This study was designed to analyze clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients with pelvic actinomycosis. METHODS: We reviewed medical records of 12 patients with pelvic actinomycosis who were admitted between January 1, 1995 and December 31, 2005. The clinical characteristics, diagnostic evaluation and surgical treatment results were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: The ages of the cases varied between 30 and 53 years old. Of the 12 patients, 11 patients had been using an IUD. Two cases had hydronephrosis due to infection. All our cases involved ovary and/or uterus and had predisposing factors of disease progression, including IUD, dilatation and curretage. Most common presenting symptom of patients were abdominal pain (75%). Preoperatively, 5 cases were diagnosed as actinomycosis, but 7 cases misconceived as a pelvic malignancy, secondary degenerated myoma and tuboovarian abscess. Exploration were performed in all patients. All cases were cured following surgery with subsequent antibiotics. CONCLUSION: Actinomycosis should be considered preoperatively, especially in long-term IUD usage, fever and laboratory findings that indicate the presence of pelvic infection. Radiologic findings (CT) can assist in making the diagnosis of pelvic actinomycosis. Appropriate antibiotics, as well as surgery, are important in the treatment of pelvic actinomycosis.

Two Cases of Extrapelvic endometriosis following Laparoscopy-assisted vaginal hysterectomy and Cesarean section / 영남의대학술지

Extrapelvic endometriosis is a rare disease. The majority of extrapelvic endometriosis cases involve scar tissue following obstetric and gynecologic procedures. We have treated two cases of extrapelvic incisional endometriosis. A 39 year old female patient with cyclic vaginal spotting after laparoscopic assisted vaginal hysterectomy due to uterine myoma and a 35 year old female patient with a painful palpable abdominal mass after cesarean section. Both underwent complete excision and were proven to have endometriosis by pathology. Here we report on both cases and review the medical literatures.

Immunotherapy for Malignant Melanoma using Dendritic Cells / 대한피부과학회지

BACKGROUND: Malignant melanoma is a potentially lethal cancer that arises from melanocytes present in skin, mucosa, or the epithelial surfaces of eyes and ears, and its incidence has increased substantially. Although primary tumor excision can sometimes achieve complete remission, most melanomas are beyond surgical margins when diagnosed, and are usually resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Therefore, many other therapeutic modalities are being investigated, and one of them is dendritic cells (DC)-based immunotherapy. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of DC-based immunotherapy on malignant melanoma. METHODS: Malignant melanoma was induced in mice by subcutaneously inoculating B16F10 cell line, and fifteen mice were divided into 3 groups: 1) PBS-treated (n=5), 2) treated with DC (n=5), and 3) treated with tumor lysate (Ag)-pulsed DC (n=5). We identified that DC were able to present Ag to T cells with mixed lymphocyte reaction and induce Ag-specific immune response with delayed hypersensitivity. To evaluate the therapeutic effect, we examined changes of tumor size and survival rates. RESULTS: The following results were obtained: 1. Ag-pulsed DC generated much T cell proliferation (mixed lymphocyte reaction). 2. Ag-pulsed DC treatment induced only delayed hypersensitivity. 3. Ag-pulsed DC treatment decreased tumor size (PBS:703+/-49 mm3, DC:619+/-26 mm3, and Ag-pulsed DC: 463+/-25 mm3) and increased survival rates. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that intratumoral injection of Ag-pulsed DC could be used to treat malignant melanoma.

A Clinical Usefulness of Office Hysteroscopy / 영남의대학술지

BACKGROUND: Hysteroscopy is considered to be the gold standard not only for visualizing the cervical canal and the uterine cavity, but also for treating many different types of benign pathologies localized to those regions. The advent and evolution of endoscopic imaging and surgery during the last two decades has added new dimensions to the armamentarium of a gynecologist to combat intrauterine lesions. Office hysteroscopy is increasingly being used as a first line investigation for abnormal uterine bleeding and other diseases involving the uterine cavity. The aim of our study is to assess the diagnostic and operative efficacy of office hysteroscopy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In our department, 140 patients underwent a hysteroscopy examination and 18 of these underwent an office based hysteroscopy examination from September 1995 to March 2005. The cases who underwent an office based hysteroscopy examination were reviewed in order to assess the clinical usefulness and significance in the management of intrauterine lesions. RESULTS: Major indication was abnormal uterine bleeding (12 cases, 66.7%). The others were a missed IUD and infertility. The hysteroscopic findings were a normal uterine cavity (6 cases, 33.3%), IUD in situ, polyp, submucosal myoma, endometrial hyperplasia and a placenta remnant. CONCLUSION: Office hysteroscopy is a safe, quick and effective method for making an intrauterine evaluation. In addition, it provides immediate results, offers the capacity of direct targeted biopsies of suspicious focal lesions, and offers the direct treatment of some intrauterine conditions.

The Prevalence of Urinary Incontinence of The Women in Daegu / 영남의대학술지

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of urinary incontinence and its correlation to the underlying diseases of women in Daegu. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Urinary incontinence questionnaire regarding age, body weight, height, body mass index (BMI), parity, delivery mode, menopausal status, history of hormonal replacement therapy, abortion history, and any underlying diseases were administered from May to November, 2001 to 412 women over 20 who had been randomly selected from the Outpatient Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Yeungnam University. The clinical characteristics of women who experience, and those who do not experience urinary incontinence were compared by means of the Student's t-test for continuous variables and by the Pearson's Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables. A p value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The mean age of the urinary incontinent group (N=193) was 44.2 years. There was a significant increase in the prevalence of incontinence with the increase of age (p=0.000). The prevalence of urinary incontinence was significantly related to the number of deliveries and the mode of delivery (p=0.007, p=0.001) No significant relationship was demonstrated between urinary incontinence and BMI (body mass index) ; the number of abortions; hormonal status; or any underlying diseases such as thyroid disease, diabetes mellitus, and chronic respiratory disease. Also, most of the urinary incontinent women didn't recognize their incontinence as pathological and consequently, didn't consult a physician. CONCLUSION: Our study indicates that the prevalence of urinary incontinence is significantly correlated to age, parity, and the mode of delivery. Most of the middle-aged women who suffered from urinary incontinence didn't recognize their incontinence a pathological. Those results suggest that women in this age group need more information and more education about urinary incontinence.

A Case of High Grade Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma Metastatic to the Lung / 대한산부인과학회잡지

The High grade endometrial stromal sarcoma is very rare. It has occasional local recurrence, which might be arisen from endometrial stroma, from adenomyosis, rarely from endometriosis. We experienced this infrequent malignant tumor in a 33 years old woman showing invasion to endometrium, cervix, adenomyosis and even penetration to the uterine serosa. She underwent total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpinogo-oophorectomy followed by cisplatin-epirubicin chemotherapy. Metastatic pulmonary lesion was found after hysterectomy. The authors report this case with the clinicopathologic findings and brief review of literatures.

The Effects of Treponema pallidum on Human Dendritic Cells

Cell mediated immune responses play a prominent role in syphilis, which is caused by Treponema pallidum. The role of dendritic cells (DC) in the syphilitic infection is not well understood in human. In the present study, we studied interaction of T. pallidum with DC, generated from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with GM-CSF and IL-4. After adding T. pallidum for 16 hours to immature DC at culture day 7, the change of surface antigens on DC was monitored by flow cytometry, the amount of IL-12 in culture supernatant of DC was measured by ELISA and T cell stimulatory capacity of DC was checked in mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). We have observed an efficient phagocytosis of T. pallidum by electron microscopy as early as 2 hours after addition of T. pallidum to DC. Interaction of DC with T. pallidum resulted in increased surface expression of CD83 which was proportionally increased according to the number of T. pallidum. Expressions of CD80, CD86 and HLA-DR on DC were slightly increased. The amount of IL-12 in the culture supernatant of DC was increased (1, 099pg/ml) after the addition of T. pallidum. T. pallidum-infected DC also displayed enhanced T cell stimulatory capacity in MLR. As seen from the above, we observed phagocytosis of T. pallidum by DC as early as 2 hours after addition of T. pallidum to DC and found that T. pallidum can stimulate DC maturation which mean that DC modulate an protective immune response during T. pallidum infection.

The Efficacy of Biofeedback and Electrical Stimulation by Kontinence HMT2000 in the Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence Patients / 영남의대학술지

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the efficacy of EMG biofeedback and pelvic floor electrical stimulation in the stress urinary incontinence patients by Kontinence HMT2000. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A group of 14 patients with stress urinary incontinence were treated with combined biofeedback and intravaginal electrical stimulation during 12 sessions from 2 weeks to 6 weeks. RESULTS: At immediate post treatment, subjective cure rate was 28% and improvement rate was 57% and failure rate was 15%. Thus the overall success rate for this treatment was 85%. The result of 3 months after treatment showed cure rate 14% and improvement rate was 43%. Intravaginal pressure increased by an average of 11.9 cmH2O. Increased vaginal pressure was found in 93% of the patients and more than 50% increment of intravaginal pressure was 71%. CONCLUSIONS: Combined biofeedback and pelvic floor electrical stimulation by use of Kontinence HMT2000 is effective for the patients who have good compliance, relative low degree stress urinary incontinence. In order to attain good results, a well structured program that teaches specific muscle exercise and the patients should be followed by regular interval reinforcement treatment.

Suction and Evacuation of Ectopic Conceptus by Laparoscopic Cornuostomy in Interstitial Pregnancy: 2 cases / 대한산부인과학회잡지

Interstitial pregnancy is a rare but very dangerous event if it would be ruptured and it occurs in about 1% of ectopic pregnancy. With recent advances in laparoscopic surgery many reports have been described laparoscopic cornual resection for interstitial pregnancy or laparoscopic cornuostomy as a safe alternative to laparotomy. We report two cases of unruptured interstitial pregnancy treated by laparoscopic cornuostomy with suction and evacuation of conceptus. This might be a safer and less destructive method by minimal incision of cornual lesion and suction/evacuation of the ectopic conceptus without myometrial reconstruction.

Increased Expression of Intracellular HLA-DM but Not on the Surface of Blood Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells During Maturation

Cutaneous dendritic cells (DCs), Langerhans cells (LCs) and dermal dendritic cells (DDCs), are present in an immature state. The maturation of DCs is crucial for initiating an immune response. Since HLA-DM has an important role for antigen presentation, an increase in HLA-DM expression according to the maturation of blood monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs), which have similar characteristics with DDCs, is expected. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether or not HLA-DM expression in MoDCs is related to maturation at each culture day (from day 0 to day 13) by flow cytometry. This was compared with the functional changes related to the maturation of MoDCs. MoDCs were generated by culturing human peripheral blood monocytes in the presence of GM-CSF and IL-4 for 7 days, which were followed by subsequent treatment with a cytokine cocktail (GM-CSF, IL-4, IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6 and PGE2) for the maturation of MoDCs. The intracellular HLA-DM was expressed in the immature MoDC. A sudden 3 to 8 fold increase in the intracellular HLA-DM expression was observed after treatment with a cytokine cocktail. HLA-DM was weakly expressed on the surface of the immature MoDC, but it seemed to be decreased with maturation. This study indicated that the intracellular HLA-DM expression increased, but not on the MoDC surface during maturation. This was despite the fact that HLA-DM expression was noted not only on the surface but also in the intracellular in the MoDC.

Clinical Efficacy of Cervicovaginal Fetal Fibronectin in Induction of Labor / 대한산부인과학회잡지

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the presence of fetal fibronectin in the cervicovaginal secretion could be used as a clinical marker to predict the outcome of labor induction. METHODS: The study group comprised 58 term pregnant women with intact amnionic membranes, 44 without labor and 14 with irregular labor. All patients had been admitted for induction of labor during Sept. 1, 1999 to Dec. 31, 1999 at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Yeungnam University Hospital. Fetal fibronectin was assayed with the cervicovaginal secretion. We analyzed the variables of labor outcome by the presence (positove) or absence (negative) of fetal fibronectin and the modified Bishop score. RESULTS: Cervicovaginal fetal fibronectin was detected in 75.0% (33/44) of the women without labor and 85.7% (12/14) with irregular labor, and 76.3% (29/38) with Bishop score 4 or less and 80.0% (16/20) with score 5 or above. There was no statistical differences in the positive rate of fetal fibronectin between the women without labor and those with irregular labor, and the women with Bishop score 4 or less and those with Bishop score 5 or above, respectively. The mean oral PGE2 tablets used for cervical ripening, the mean time interval from the beginning of labor induction to delivery, and the mean cesarean delivery rate were 1.97+/-2.56 tabs and 3.12+/-2.42, 10.12+/- 6.56 hours and 13.88+/-6.14, and 20.0% and 38.4%, in the women with positive fetal fibronectin and those with negative respectively, and 1.83+/-2.50 and 2.42+/-2.60, 10.11+/-7.17 hours and 11.28+/-6.26 hours, and 10.0% and 31.6% in the women with Bishop score 5 or above and those with Bishop score 4 or less, respectively. There were no statistical differences in the mean values between the women with positive and negative fetal fibronectin, and between Bishop score 5 or above and Bishop score 4 or less, respectively. There were no statistical differences in the mean oral PGE2 tablets used for cervical ripening (2.00+/- 2.65 vs. 4.40+/-1.82) and the mean time interval from the beginning of labor induction to delivery (10.11+/- 7.53 vs. 16.17+/-5.38), between the women with positive fetal fibronectin and Bishop score 5 or above and those with negative fetal fibronectin and Bishop score 4 or less, respectively. However, the cesarean delivery rate was significantly lower in the women with positive fetal fibronectin and Bishop score 5 or above than those with negative fetal fibronectin and Bishop score 4 or less (6.3% vs 44.4%, p=0.040). CONCLUSION: The assesment of cervicovaginal fetal fibronectin and Bishop score could be useful in predicting the success or failure of labor induction. But it was not helpful to predict the easiness of labor induction by the presence or absence of fetal fibronectin in the cervicovaginal secretion and/or modified Bishop score.

A Case of Pulmonary Embolism and Deep Vein Thrombosis in Leg after Total Abdominal Hystrectomy of Huge Uterine Myoma complicated with Abscess / 대한산부인과학회잡지

Pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) is a serious postoperative complication. Prompt diagnosis of PTE is important but it is difficult because clinical manifestations of PTE are not obvious in most cases. If a patient had tachypnea, cold sweating and hypoxemia in postoperative period, PTE must be thought to be one of possible causes of tachypnea. We have experienced one case of PTE after operation. A 40 year-old woman underwent total hystrectomy and partial omentectomy due to huge, bizarre shaped and inflammatory myoma presenting as an abdominal mass with abscess pocket accompanied by severe and adhesion. At the 5 th postoperative day tachypnea and hypoxemia were developed suddenly. PTE was confirmed with lung perfusion scan and leg edema with deep vein thrombosis occurred later. Proper cardiopulmonary support and anticoagulant therapy were done and the patient was recovered and discharged in improved condition.

A Case of Pulmonary Embolism and Deep Vein Thrombosis in Leg after Total Abdominal Hystrectomy of Huge Uterine Myoma complicated with Abscess / 대한산부인과학회잡지

Pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) is a serious postoperative complication. Prompt diagnosis of PTE is important but it is difficult because clinical manifestations of PTE are not obvious in most cases. If a patient had tachypnea, cold sweating and hypoxemia in postoperative period, PTE must be thought to be one of possible causes of tachypnea. We have experienced one case of PTE after operation. A 40 year-old woman underwent total hystrectomy and partial omentectomy due to huge, bizarre shaped and inflammatory myoma presenting as an abdominal mass with abscess pocket accompanied by severe and adhesion. At the 5 th postoperative day tachypnea and hypoxemia were developed suddenly. PTE was confirmed with lung perfusion scan and leg edema with deep vein thrombosis occurred later. Proper cardiopulmonary support and anticoagulant therapy were done and the patient was recovered and discharged in improved condition.

Cell Cycle and Gene Expression of Adriamycin-Induced Apoptosis in Human Cervical Carcinoma HeLa cells / 대한산부인과학회잡지

OBJECTIVE: This work was demonstrated the induction of apoptosis in response to adriamycin, we checked the cell cycle of adriamycin-induced apoptosis and to investigate whether differential expression is associated with adriamycin-induced genes in human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells. METHODS: Apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry for cell cycle analysis in Hela cells. Differential expression is associated with adriamycin-induced genes in HeLa cells, it was performed to purifiy the RNA, cDNA probe and hybridization. The various different overexpressed genes were determined by gene array analysis (GDA). Analysis were referenced Incyte Genomics Co. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). RESULTS: We found that adriamycin was induced apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner, as demonstrated by sub-G0/G1 peaks in DNA content histogram of cell cycle. The cells of G2/M phase by treatment of 0.1 microgram/mL adriamycin had been arrested. G2/M peaks in DNA content was decreased in a dose and time-dependent manner. It had been observed 6 group, 16 genes. The group I contained thioredoxin and cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV gene, group II were p53 and excision repair protein (ERCC-1) gene. Group III was metabolic regulated gene, glucosidase, AMP deaminase isoform L (AMPD2), glutamine synthetase, cholesterol 25-hydroxylase, and steryl-sulfatase precursor. Group IV was cell skeleton constructed gene, heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG2), and microfibrillar-associated protein (MFAP2), group V was oncogene group, v-yes-1 Yamaguchi sarcoma viral oncogene homolog-1 (YES1) and tyrosine kinase ELK1. The other group 6 contained NOD1 protein gene interleukine-1 receptor accessory protein (IL1RAP), pregnancy-specific glycoprotein-11 (PSG11), and pregnancy-specific protein-1a (PSG-1a). CONCLUSION: The present findings indicating that adriamycin was revealed apoptosis in Hela cell. Differential gene expression is related in various metabolism by adriamycin.

Cell Cycle and Gene Expression of Adriamycin-Induced Apoptosis in Human Cervical Carcinoma HeLa cells / 대한산부인과학회잡지

OBJECTIVE: This work was demonstrated the induction of apoptosis in response to adriamycin, we checked the cell cycle of adriamycin-induced apoptosis and to investigate whether differential expression is associated with adriamycin-induced genes in human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells. METHODS: Apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry for cell cycle analysis in Hela cells. Differential expression is associated with adriamycin-induced genes in HeLa cells, it was performed to purifiy the RNA, cDNA probe and hybridization. The various different overexpressed genes were determined by gene array analysis (GDA). Analysis were referenced Incyte Genomics Co. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). RESULTS: We found that adriamycin was induced apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner, as demonstrated by sub-G0/G1 peaks in DNA content histogram of cell cycle. The cells of G2/M phase by treatment of 0.1 microgram/mL adriamycin had been arrested. G2/M peaks in DNA content was decreased in a dose and time-dependent manner. It had been observed 6 group, 16 genes. The group I contained thioredoxin and cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV gene, group II were p53 and excision repair protein (ERCC-1) gene. Group III was metabolic regulated gene, glucosidase, AMP deaminase isoform L (AMPD2), glutamine synthetase, cholesterol 25-hydroxylase, and steryl-sulfatase precursor. Group IV was cell skeleton constructed gene, heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG2), and microfibrillar-associated protein (MFAP2), group V was oncogene group, v-yes-1 Yamaguchi sarcoma viral oncogene homolog-1 (YES1) and tyrosine kinase ELK1. The other group 6 contained NOD1 protein gene interleukine-1 receptor accessory protein (IL1RAP), pregnancy-specific glycoprotein-11 (PSG11), and pregnancy-specific protein-1a (PSG-1a). CONCLUSION: The present findings indicating that adriamycin was revealed apoptosis in Hela cell. Differential gene expression is related in various metabolism by adriamycin.

The Clitoral Size of the Korean Female Newborn / 영남의대학술지

BACKGROUND: To determine mean clitoral and glans size of Korean female newborn. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The size of glans and clitoris of 68 Korean female newborns born at Yeungnam University Medical Center were measured from May in 1999 to August in 1999. RESULTS: The mean size of the 68 newborns were 2.38+/-1.14 mm in glans length, 2.55+/-1.48 mm in glans width and 4.66+/-1.93 mm in clitoral length. In the premature infants the mean clitoral size was 1.92+/-1.58 mm in glans length, 1.78+/-1.24 mm in glans width and 3.86+/-2.16 mm in clitoral length. In the full term infants 2.53+/-1.12 mm in glans length, 2.75+/-1.58 mm in glans width and 4.94+/-1.89 mm in clitoral length. In low birth weight infants clitoral size was measured 1.55+/-1.10 mm in glans length, 2.04+/-2.03 mm in glans width and 3.29+/-1.87 mm in clitoral length. In normal birth weight infants 2.53+/-1.13 mm in glans length, 2.68+/-1.48 mm in glans width and 4.92+/-1.91 mm in clitoral length. In high birth weight infants 1.54+/-0.50 mm in glans length, 1.63+/-0.53 mm in glans width and 3.18+/-1.04 mm in clitoral length. CONCLUSION: There was no significant correlation between gestational age and clitoral size or glans size, but significant negative correlation was found between birth weight and clitoral size or glans size.