[Perceived social support from family and friends and early maladaptive schemas among female and male delinquent and non-delinquent adolescents]

Adolescence, period of transition from childhood to adulthood, is time with changes in social, psychological, behavioral, and physical situations. These changes combined with the cultural, social and family backgrounds' adolescents, can lead to social problems such as social deviations [delinquency].This study aims to compare the components of perceived social support and early maladaptive schemas in adolescents [male and female] delinquent and non-delinquent. This research was based on comparative and causal method. In this research, 100 delinquent adolescents [80 male and 20 female] using convenience sampling method and 100 non-delinquent adolescents [80 male and 20 female] using Cluster sampling method were selected. They completed the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support [MSPSS] questionnaires and Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form [YSQ-SF]. Data analysis was performed via descriptive statistics [Mean and SD.] and analytic methods such as independent T-test. Delinquent adolescents had higher mean of early maladaptive schemas and instead had lower level of social support. In addition, delinquent boys had higher early maladaptive schemas mean compared to non-delinquent boys and they had different levels of social support. There was a significant difference in perceived social support between delinquent and non-delinquent girls. Also, there was a significant difference between early maladaptive schemas of delinquent and non-delinquent girls. The findings showed the importance of providing background for strengthening of social support. Identification of early maladaptive schemas as patterns of emotional and cognitive damage in adolescence can be useful to provide appropriate psychological services to improve the quality of life and increased health-related behaviors of delinquent individual

[ relationship between experiencing physical and emotional-verbal violence and perceived social support with postpartum depression among women]

Diverse violence against women has several negative effects, especially after partum. Also, social supportive is one of the factors to enhance the mental health during this phase. Therefore, the aim of current study is to investigate the relationship between physical and emotional-verbal violence and social support with postpartum depression among women. This research is a descriptive correlational. The population is comprised women with postpartum depression in Tehran city in the years of 2014-15. The 140 women with postpartum depression were selected in a purposed sampling. The measuring instruments are Edinburgh Postnatal Depression [EPDS], Scale methods of conflict in marital disputes [CTS-2] and perceived social support scale multi-dimensional [MSPSS]. Data was analyzed utilizing Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regressions. The results indicated that the relationship of total score of violence rate and postpartum depression are statistically significant [p<0.001], although there is not the significant relationship between the verbal- emotional violence and postpartum depression [p<0.001]. Also, the total score of perceived social support and postpartum depression are statistically significant. In addition, violence and perceived social support can be predicted 16.9% and -0.319% of the variance of postpartum depression respectively. These findings emphasize that violence and lack of social support increase the occurrence of postpartum depression. Hence, it should be considered as risk factors in therapeutic intervention and postpartum depression prevention programs