Screening for Non-communicable Diseases at a Walk-in Clinic in Trinidad and Tobago: A Time-motion Cross-sectional Study and Net Present Value Analysis / Pruebas de detección de enfermedades no transmisibles en una clínica ambulatoria de Trinidad y Tobago: estudio transversal de tiempos y movimientos y análisis del valor actual neto

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the feasibility of recommending a screening process for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and their risk factors, as a national and regional model. Methods: A cross-sectional, six-station process was carried out. It consisted of invitation and consent, history (personal and family history of NCDs), biometrics (waist circumference and body mass index), blood levels (lipids and glycosylated haemoglobin) and urinalysis (microalbuminuria), basic examinations (blood pressure, peripheral neuropathy, presence of acanthosis nigricans and visual acuity), and an exit interview. Net present value (NPV) calculations were carried out for very high-risk patients (those with a > 30% risk of a cardiovascular event (limb amputation) in the next 10 years) for two discount rates: 0.75% (United States of America) and 3.4% (Trinidad and Tobago). Results: A convenience sample of 514 walk-in patients (56.2% recruitment rate) was screened (about 23 patients per day). The median time for a patient attending all stations was 21 minutes (range: 11-59 minutes). Of the six stations, the laboratory took the longest: median 10 minutes (range: 2-50 minutes). The entire project cost US$20 439 (US$39.76 per patient). Between one and seven very high-risk patients (three sub-groups of patients had this risk profile) were identified. The cost of identifying a very high-risk patient ranged from US$2907 to US$20 349. The NPV of identifying these high-risk patients ranged from -US$6748.71 to US$14 725 and was favourable for three of four monetary scenarios. Conclusion: A six-station process to provide rapid screening of walk-in patients for NCDs was found to be feasible and provided monetary value in three of four scenarios in a Trinidad and Tobago setting.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar la viabilidad de recomendar un proceso de cribado de las enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT) y sus factores de riesgo, como modelo nacional y regional. Métodos: Se realizó un proceso transversal de seis estaciones. El mismo consistió en invitación y consentimiento; historia (antecedentes personales y familiares de ENT); biometría (circunferencia de la cintura e índice de masa corporal); niveles sanguíneos (lípidos y hemoglobina glicosilada); y análisis de orina (microalbuminuria); exámenes básicos (presión arterial, neuropatía periférica, presencia de acantosis nigricans y agudeza visual); y una entrevista de salida. Se realizaron cálculos del valor actual neto (VAN) para pacientes de muy alto riesgo - pacientes con riesgo de un 30% de evento cardiovascular (amputación de extremidades) en los próximos 10 años - para dos tasas de descuento: 0.75% (Estados Unidos de América) y 3.4% (Trinidad y Tobago). Resultados: Una muestra de conveniencia de 514 pacientes ambulatorios (tasa de reclutamiento de 56.2%) fue sometida a pruebas de detección (unos 23 pacientes por día). El tiempo promedio para que un paciente asistiera a todas las estaciones fue de 21 minutos (rango: 11-59 minutos). De las seis estaciones, el laboratorio tomó el tiempo más largo: un promedio de 10 minutos (rango: 2-50 minutos). El proyecto entero costó $20 439 USD (39.76 USD por paciente). Entre uno y siete pacientes de muy alto riesgo (tres subgrupos de pacientes tenían este perfil de riesgo) fueron identificados. El costo de identificar a un paciente de muy alto riesgo osciló entre $2907 USD y $20 349 USD. El VAN de identificación de estos pacientes de alto riesgo fluctuó de $6748.71 a $14 725 USD, y fue favorable para tres de cuatro escenarios monetarios. Conclusión: Se halló que un proceso de seis estaciones para pruebas de detección rápidas de ENT a pacientes ambulatorios, es factible y proporciona valor monetario en tres de cuatro escenarios en un contexto de Trinidad y Tobago.

A Preliminary investigation of periodontal disease and diabetes in Trinidad / Una investigación de la enfermedad periodontal y la diabetes en Trinidad

OBJECTIVES: To describe periodontal disease status in diabetic patients in Trinidad. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Patients attending a tertiary referral centre for diabetes at an out-patient clinic were invited to undergo oral examinations. The basic periodontal examination (BPE) was used to assess periodontal disease status. RESULTS: Seventy-two patients participated in the study. Mean age was 55.7 years, 54.2% were female, with 66.7% and 22.2% being of Indo-Trinidadian and Afro-Trinidadian ethnicity respectively. There were 61.1% who had not attended for dental treatment within the last year and 56.9% only attended when in pain; 15.3% had a history of cigarette smoking and 31.9% currently wore a denture. Plaque was detectable with the use of a probe in 40.3% of the 67% that underwent a BPE assessment; 38.8% were found to have advanced periodontal disease. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of periodontal disease in this sample of diabetic patients suggests that regular dental examinations, oral health education, and collaborative patient care between medical and dental practitioners should form part ofthe routine management ofdiabetic patients in Trinidad.

OBJETIVOS: Describir el estado de la enfermedad periodontal en los pacientes diabéticos en Trinidad. MÉTODO: Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal. Un número de pacientes que asistían a un centro terciario de remisión terciario para la diabetes en una clínica ambulatoria, fue invitado a recibir exámenes orales. Se usó el examen periodontal básico (EPB) para evaluar el estado de la enfermedad periodontal. RESULTADOS: Setenta y dos pacientes participaron en el estudio. La edad promedio fue 55.7 años, 54.2% fueron hembras; 66.7% y 22.2% fueron de etnicidad indotrinitense y afrotrinitense respectivamente. Hubo un 61.1% que no habían asistido para recibir tratamiento dental en el último año, y 56.9% que sólo asistieron cuando tuvieron dolor; el 15.3% tenía una historia de hábito de fumar cigarrillos, y el 31.9% usaba una prótesis dental. La placa era detectable usando una sonda dental en el 40.3% del 67% que recibió la evaluación del EPB, en tanto que se halló que el 38.8% tenía la enfermedad periodontal en estado avanzado. CONCLUSIÓN: La prevalencia de la enfermedad periodontal en esta muestra de pacientes diabéticos indica que los exámenes dentales regulares, la educación para la salud oral, y el cuidado colaborativo entre pacientes y trabajadores de la salud dental, deben formar parte del manejo de los pacientes diabéticos en Trinidad.

The Guillain-Barré syndrome at two hospitals in Trinidad, West Indies: a review of 26 patients / El síndrome de Guillain-Barré en Trinidad, West Indies: una revisión de 26 pacientes

Over a four-year period, 26 consecutive patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) were seen. Their ages ranged from 18 months to 68 years. Fifteen were male and 11 female. The crude annual incidence was estimated to be 1.5 per 100 000population. East Indians made up the majority of the patients. An antecedent infection was reported in 65% of patients. Significant pain was present in half of the cohort. F-wave abnormalities were the commonest electrophysiological disturbance. Twenty-nine per cent of patients required ventilation. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment was beneficial in 88% of patients. Eighty-four per cent made a complete or near complete recovery. One patient died.

Por un periodo de cuatro años, se atendieron 26 pacientes consecutivos con el síndrome de Guillain- Barré (GBS). Sus edades fluctuaban de 18 meses a 68 años. Quince eran varones y 11 hembras. Se calculó que la incidencia anual bruta era 1.5 por 100 000 población. La mayor parte de los pacientes eran indo-orientales. El 65% de pacientes reportó antecedentes de infección. La mitad de la cohorte presentaba dolor significativo. El trastorno electrofisiológico más común fue las anormalidades de la onda F. Veintinueve por ciento de los pacientes necesitaron ventilación. El tratamiento de inmunoglobulina intravenosa (IVIG) fue beneficioso en 88% de los pacientes. Ochenta y cuatro por ciento tuvo una recuperación completa o casi completa. Un paciente murió.

Urinary fluoride levels in children in a single school in Trinidad and Tobago: a preliminary investigation

OBJECTIVE: To determine urinary fluoride levels in school children in a non-fluoridated area in Trinidad and Tobago. METHOD: Morning urine samples were requested from 750 children aged 5 to 14 years, attending a primary school in the area of St Joseph, north west Trinidad. Urine was collected at home and brought to school in labelled plastic bottles. Urinary fluoride concentration (ppm) was measured using an ion-specific electrode. RESULTS: Urine samples were available for 500 children (67). Mean age was 8.5 years. Overall mean fluoride concentration was 0.5 ppm +/- standard deviation (SD) 0.27; males (n = 263) were 0.58 ppm +/- 0.28 and females (n = 237) 0.55 ppm +/- 0.27. Children in the 5 to 7-year age group had the highest levels (0.64 ppm +/- 0.33). CONCLUSION: Mean urinary fluoride levels in this sample of school children were low indicating a fluoride intake below the optimum level for caries prevention. Fluoridation programmes may need to be implemented to increase fluoride intake among school children in the study area.

Plastic bottles as spacers for a pressurized metered-dose inhaler: in vitro characteristics

Homemade spacer devices are commonly used by children with asthma to improve aerosol deposition from pressurized metered dose inhalers (pMDI); however, the efficacy and efficiency of these devices are not fully characterized. We determined the quality of fine particle fraction (< 4.7 microns) and ultrafine particle fraction (< 3.3 microns) of three bottles (from 280 ml to 500 ml) commonly used as spacers in Trinidad and Tobago and compared their performance to the commercially available valved holding chamber (OpT) and pMDI. These data were obtained in vitro using a cascade impactor. All 3 bottles and the OpT were similar (p > 0.05) in reducing the amount of albuterol emitted as large particles (> 4.7 microns) to less than 10 micrograms. The different sized bottles (from 280 ml to 500 ml) produced identical quantities of albuterol in the fine particle and ultrafine particle ranges (p > 0.05). All of the sample bottle spacers emitted a higher amount (p < 0.002) of fine and ultrafine particles than the OpT and pMDI alone. The OpT resulted in a significantly higher fraction of fine particles (p < 0.05) and a greater quantity of drug (p < 0.05) in the ultrafine range as compared to the MDI only. The sizes of particles obtained from the bottle spacers are those that have a high probability of reaching the lower airway; however, the clinical relevance of these findings remains to be determined.

Fifty years of clinical examinations at the University of the West Indies

The University of the West Indies was founded at Mona, Jamaica, in 1948. After fifty-two years, the format of the final Bachelor of Medicine clinical examination in Medicine and Therapeutics has been radically revised. The change from the traditional to an evidence-based, objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) was undertaken in November/December 2000. Assessment drives learning and both the methods chosen for assessment and the manner in which they are applied determine how students learn. The philosophical underpinnings of the change in format are discussed in this paper.

Hormone replacement therapy. Knowledge, attitudes and practices of women attending a gynaecology outpatient clinic in Trinidad

A questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of a sample of 218 outpatients attending the Port of Spain General Hospital Gynaecology Outpatient Clinic. The questionnaire investigated women's knowledge of menopause, risks and benefits of Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT), their attitudes concerning HRT and menopause as well as practices of postmenopausal women with respect to HRT. Comparisons were made between women of differing menopausal status, educational background and ethnicity. The results showed that overall knowledge was lacking regardless of menopausal status, ethnicity or educational background. Less educated women were more inclined to believe that HRT was inappropriate principally because they regarded the menopause as a natural process (p = 0.023). Only 24 of postmenopausal women were practicing some form of HRT. A minority (7) had previously been undergoing the therapy but had stopped. Most postmenopausal women (69) simply never considered treatment because the majority had never heard about HRT. The main source of patient information was from the clinic they were attending. This study reveals low awareness of menopausal information and therapeutic options in a Trinidadian population. A targeted education programme may substantially fill this void.

Childhood dengue shock syndrome in Trinidad

Dengue haemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS) is a major cause of hospitalisation and mortality among children in South East Asia. We now report, for the first time, the occurrence of DHF/DSS in Trinidadian children. The presence of vomiting, abdominal pain and hepatomegaly in the setting of a dengue epidemic should alert clinicians to the possibility of DHF/DSS. Timely diagnosis and aggressive supportive treatment are essential for a successful outcome. Source reduction, vector control and community participation are also necessary to avert the South East Asian scenario from emerging in the Caribbean.

The Guillain-Barré syndrome following dengue fever

A 44 year old female presented with fever, muscle aches, rash and a low platelet count. IgM antibody to dengue virus was positive. Two weeks later she developed a flaccid areflexic quadriparesis. Nerve conduction studies showed a predominantly demyelitinating sensory motor polyneuropathy consistent with Guillain-Barré syndrome. Despite the relatively common occurrence of dengue fever, an associated polyradiculoneuropathy is distinctly uncommon.

Perinephric abscess mimicking fulminant hepatic failure

We describe a female diabetic patient who presented with features suggestive of hepatobiliary disease and who exhibited clinical signs of fulminant hepatic failure. Identification and drainage of a right perinephric abscess resulted in prompt resolution of both the physical signs and biochemical indices of liver disease. Infection remote from the hepatobiliary tree can mimic fulminant hepatic failure, and recognition of this unusual presentation of infection is important if dangerous delay in diagnosis and treatment is to avioded.