Prevalence of human papillomavirus infection, distribution of viral types and risk factors in cervical samples from human immunodeficiency virus-positive women attending three human immunodeficiency virus-acquired immune deficiency syndrome reference centres in northeastern Brazil

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients have a greater prevalence of coinfection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is of high oncogenic risk. Indeed, the presence of the virus favours intraepithelial squamous cell lesion progression and may induce cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of HPV infection, distribution of HPV types and risk factors among HIV-positive patients. Cervical samples from 450 HIV-positive patients were analysed with regard to oncotic cytology, colposcopy and HPV presence and type by means of polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. The results were analysed by comparing demographic data and data relating to HPV and HIV infection. The prevalence of HPV was 47.5%. Among the HPV-positive samples, 59% included viral types of high oncogenic risk. Multivariate analysis showed an association between HPV infection and the presence of cytological alterations (p = 0.003), age greater than or equal to 35 years (p = 0.002), number of partners greater than three (p = 0.002), CD4+ lymphocyte count < 200/mm3 (p = 0.041) and alcohol abuse (p = 0.004). Although high-risk HPV was present in the majority of the lesions studied, the low frequency of HPV 16 (3.3%), low occurrence of cervical lesions and preserved immunological state in most of the HIV-positive patients were factors that may explain the low occurrence of precancerous cervical lesions in this population.

Repercussöes menstruais da ligadura tubária: análises de 423 casos / Adverse menstrual effects of tubal ligation: analysis of 423 cases

Os autores apresentam o estudo de 423 pacientes submetidas a ligadura tubária e analisam os distúrbios menstruais referidos. Correlacionam as alteraçoes menstruais com a ocasiao em que foi realizada a ligadura e o método contraceptivo utilizado anteriormente. Após revisao da literatura, comentam as diferentes técnicas de esterilizaçao feminina e a etiopatogenia da síndrome pós-ligadura.

Anticoncepçäo hormonal oral e reflexo endometrial / Oral hormonal contraceptive and endometrial reflex

Os autores estudaram a açäo de contraceptivos hormonais orais, sobre o endométrio de usuárias de pílulas de alta e baixa concentraçöes, comparada com endométrio de näo usuárias, nas fases proliferativa e secretora. O consumo de O2 foi expresso em moles O2/min.mg PT, obtido do extrato de mitocôndrias, medido em oxígrafo Gilson K-IC, pela técnica de hogeboon modificada. A análise estatística das variáveis, a quantidade de material, o consumo de O2 e concentraçäo de proteínas, permitiram distinguir o comportamento endometrial diante de estímulos hormonais exógenos, de diferentes concentraçöes, comparado ao tecido näo estimulado