Asociación entre la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud y riesgo suicida en adolescentes: estudio transversal / Association of health-related quality of life and suicidal risk in adolescents: a cross-sectional study

INTRODUCCIÓN: El deterioro de la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) es un factor de riesgo de suicido en adultos; no obstante, poco se ha estudiado esta dimensión en adolescentes. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la asociación entre calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, medido con el EQ-5D-5L, y riesgo suicida en adolescentes y su capacidad de detección transversal de riesgo suicida. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: 128 jóvenes (15-19 años) de la comuna de Puerto Aysén (Chile) respondieron transversalmente el EQ-5D-5L, la escala de suicidalidad de Okasha y dos preguntas de anclaje de riesgo in minente de suicidio. Se consideró como caso de riesgo suicida a un puntaje > 5 en la escala Okasha o la respuesta afirmativa a una de las preguntas de anclaje. Se calculó el valor índice con los perfiles de salud del EQ-5D-5L. Se estimaron Odds Ratios (OR's) con intervalos de confianza (IC95%), ajustando por confusores y se calcularon áreas bajo la curva ROC (AUC-ROC) para evaluar la capacidad de pesquisa del EQ-5D-5L. RESULTADOS: 21 (16,4%) adolescentes fueron considerados como casos de riesgo suicida. Controlando por confusores, las dimensiones del EQ-5D-5L que se asociaron con riesgo suicida fueron: dolor/malestar (OR: 2,5; IC95% 1,1-6,1) y ansiedad/depresión (OR: 2,2; IC95% 1,3-3,6). El AUR-ROC para ambas dimensiones fue del 0,85% (IC95% 0,75-0,91) y de 0,81% para el valor del índice del EQ-5D-5L (IC95% 0,72-0,89). CONCLUSIONES: La CVRS podría ser un factor de riesgo de suicidio en adolescentes; y el EQ-5D-5L que mide esta dimensión, podría ayudar a pesquisar futuros casos y casos ocultos de riesgo suicida.

INTRODUCTION: Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) deterioraton is a risk factor for suicide in adults, however, this aspect has been little studied in adolescents. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the asso ciation between HRQoL (measured with EQ-5D-5L) and suicidal risk in adolescents and its capacity for cross-sectional detection of suicidal risk. PATIENTS AND METHOD: 128 adolescents (15-19 years old) from Puerto Aysen (Chile) responded to the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire, the Okasha Suicide Scale and two anchoring questions of imminent suicide risk. A suicide risk case was considered to have a > 5 score on the Okasha scale or the affirmative answer to one of the anchoring questions. The index value of EQ-5D-5L was calculated and Odds Ratios (ORs) were estimated with confidence intervals (95% CI), adjusted for confounders. Areas under the ROC curve (AUC-ROC) were calculated to assess the discriminatory performance of EQ-5D-5L. RESULTS: 21 (16.4%) adolescents were at suicidal risk. Controlling for confounders, the EQ-5D-5L dimensions associated with suicidal risk were pain/ discomfort (OR: 2.5; 95% CI 1.1-6.1) and anxiety/depression (OR: 2.2; 95% CI 1.3-3.6). The AUC- ROC for both dimensions was 85% (95% CI 0.75-0.91) and 81% for the EQ-5D-5L index value (95% CI 0.72-0.89). CONCLUSIONS: HRQoL could be a risk factor for suicide in adolescents and in this way, the EQ-5D-5L could help in searching for high risk and hidden cases of suicidal risk.

El programa RADAR para la prevención del suicidio en adolescentes de la región de Aysén, Chile: resultados preliminares / RADAR: a program for the prevention of suicide in adolescents in the region of Aysen, Chile, preliminary results

OBJETIVO: Dar a conocer los resultados preliminares del programa comunitario RADAR (Red para la Atención y Derivación de Adolescentes en Riesgo suicida). MÉTODO: Durante el 2016, RADAR fue implementado como prueba de concepto en dos colegios de Puerto Aysén de la Región de Aysén, Chile. Se capacitó un total de 409 participantes (entre alumnos, profesores de los colegios, apoderados y profesionales de la salud) para la pesquisa y derivación de adolescentes en riego de suicidio. RESULTADOS: De un total de 144 alumnos que pasaron los sistemas de pesquisa de RADAR, se detectaron 29 casos en riesgo suicida (20%) y 27 fueron derivados oportunamente al Servicio de Urgencia del Hos pital de Puerto Aysén. En la segunda campaña de pesquisa de RADAR, 3 meses después, el 90% de los casos ya no presentaba riesgo suicida. CONCLUSIÓN: Estos resultados muestran la alta proporción de adolescentes en riesgo suicida que no son visibilizados por el sistema de salud y la factibilidad de implementar RADAR en la comunidad como una intervención preventiva efectiva.

OBJECTIVE: We present the preliminary results of the implementation of RADAR: a community suicide prevention program in adolescents implemented in two high schools in a south region of Chile. METHOD: In a pilot study, during 2016, we implemented RADAR in two high schools of Puerto Aysen, in in the Region of Aysen of Chile. A total of 409 actors were trained (among students, school teachers, caregivers and health professionals) for the screening and referral of high suicide risk adolescents. RESULTS: Out of a total of 144 students who passed the RADAR screening systems, 29 cases were detected as suicide risk (20%) and 27 of them were opportunely referred to the Emergency Service of the Hospital of Puerto Aysen. In the second RADAR screening campaign, 3 months later, 90% of the cases no longer presented suicide risk. CONCLUSION: These results show the high proportion of ado lescents at risk of suicide who are not visible by the health system and the feasibility of implementing RADAR in the community as an effective suicide prevention intervention.

Absence of domestic triatomine colonies in an area of the coastal region of Ecuador where Chagas disease is endemic

Rhodnius ecuadoriensis is considered the second most important vector of Chagas disease in Ecuador. It is distributed across six of the 24 provinces and occupies intradomiciliary, peridomiciliary and sylvatic habitats. This study was conducted in six communities within the coastal province of Guayas. Triatomine searches were conducted in domestic and peridomestic habitats and bird nests using manual searches, live-bait traps and sensor boxes. Synantrhopic mammals were captured in the domestic and peridomestic habitats. Household searches (n = 429) and randomly placed sensor boxes (n = 360) produced no live triatomine adults or nymphs. In contrast, eight nymphs were found in two out of six searched Campylorhynchus fasciatus (Troglodytidae) nests. Finally, Trypanosoma cruzi DNA was amplified from the blood of 10 percent of the 115 examined mammals. Environmental changes in land use (intensive rice farming), mosquito control interventions and lack of intradomestic adaptation are suggested among the possible reasons for the lack of domestic triatomine colonies.

Life cycle, feeding and defecation patterns of Rhodnius ecuadoriensis (Lent & León 1958) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) under laboratory conditions

Rhodnius ecuadoriensis is the second most important vector of Chagas Disease (CD) in Ecuador. The objective of this study was to describe (and compare) the life cycle, the feeding and defecation patterns under laboratory conditions of two populations of this specie [from the provinces of Manabí (Coastal region) and Loja (Andean region)]. Egg-to-adult (n = 57) development took an average of 189.9 ± 20 (Manabí) and 181.3 ± 6.4 days (Loja). Mortality rates were high among Lojan nymphs. Pre-feeding time (from contact with host to feeding initiation) ranged from 4 min 42 s [nymph I (NI)] to 8 min 30 s (male); feeding time ranged from 14 min 45 s (NI)-28 min 25 s (male) (Manabí) and from 15 min 25 s (NI)-28 min 57 s (nymph V) (Loja). The amount of blood ingested increased significantly with instar and was larger for Manabí specimens (p < 0.001). Defecation while feeding was observed in Manabí specimens from stage nymph III and in Lojan bugs from stage nymph IV. There was a gradual, age-related increase in the frequency of this behaviour in both populations. Our results suggest that R. ecuadoriensis has the bionomic traits of an efficient vector of Trypanosoma cruzi. Together with previous data on the capacity of this species to infest rural households, these results indicate that control of synanthropic R. ecuadoriensis populations in the coastal and Andean regions may have a significant impact for CD control in Ecuador and Northern Peru.