Mekong malaria. II. Update of malaria, multi-drug resistance and economic development in the Mekong region of Southeast Asia.

In an expansion of the first Mekong Malaria monograph published in 1999, this second monograph updates the malaria database in the countries comprising the Mekong region of Southeast Asia. The update adds another 3 years' information to cover cumulative data from the 6 Mekong countries (Cambodia, China/Yunnan, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam) for the six-year period 1999-2001. The objective is to generate a more comprehensive regional perspective in what is a global epicenter of drug resistant falciparum malaria, in order to improve malaria control on a regional basis in the context of social and economic change. The further application of geographical information systems (GIS) to the analysis has underscored the overall asymmetry of disease patterns in the region, with increased emphasis on population mobility in disease spread. Of great importance is the continuing expansion of resistance of P. falciparum to antimalarial drugs in common use and the increasing employment of differing drug combinations as a result. The variation in drug policy among the 6 countries still represents a major obstacle to the institution of region-wide restrictions on drug misuse. An important step forward has been the establishment of 36 sentinel sites throughout the 6 countries, with the objective of standardizing the drug monitoring process; while not all sentinel sites are fully operational yet, the initial implementation has already given encouraging results in relation to disease monitoring. Some decreases in malaria mortality have been recorded. The disease patterns delineated by GIS are particularly instructive when focused on inter-country distribution, which is where more local collaborative effort can be made to rationalize resource utilization and policy development. Placing disease data in the context of socio-economic trends within and between countries serves to further identify the needs and the potential for placing emphasis on resource rationalization on a regional basis. Despite the difficulties, the 6-year time frame represented in this monograph gives confidence that the now well established collaboration is becoming a major factor in improving malaria control on a regional basis and hopefully redressing to a substantial degree the key problem of spread of drug resistance regionally and eventually globally.

Comparing the efficacy of mefloquine-artesunate combination with that of mefloquine and artesunate as single agents in uncomplicated falciparum malaria

To find out whether the combination regimen of mefloquine and artesunate tablets improves the cure rate in uncomplicated falciparum malaria compared to the use of mefloquine and artesunate as single agents, a prospective, randomised, uniblind controlled study was done between May and November 1991, on one hundred and eighty cases of acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria. The patients were randomised to the following three frug regimens: - (1) Mefloquine - 1000 mg stat, (2) Tab Artesunate 600 mg over 48 hours, (3) Mefloquine 1000 mg plus tab Artesunate 600 mg over 48 hours. The regimen of mefloquine as a single agent gave a cure rate of 83.3 percent (with R1 = 15 percent and R2 = 1.7 percent), PCT = 52.15 + 55.2 hours and FCT = 23.98 + 59.87 hours. Tab artesunate gave a cure rate of 75 percent (with R1 = 25 percent), PCT = 33.16 + 5.15 and FCT = 23.4 + 22.7 hours. The combination regimen gave a cure rate of 98.27 percent with only one patient recrudescing at R1 level, PCT = 35.11 + 29.16 and FCT = 8.15 + 10.34 hours. The side effects were not much increased by using the combination. No cardiovascular effects were noted. The combination is superior to that of the single agents.