Neuropsychiatric manifestations systemic lupus erythematosus: a study from South India.

CONTEXT: Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) has varied manifestations. AIMS: To study the pattern of neuropsychiatric (NP) involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Hospital based cross sectional and retrospective study. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients admitted with a diagnosis of SLE, during a period of 16 months, were evaluated and any NP syndrome present classified as per the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) nomenclature. Statistical analysis: SPSS software Version 10 was used for descriptive analysis and correlative study. RESULTS: Out of 50 patients with SLE, all the patients with NPSLE [39 (78%)] were females, mean age 25.66 years (range: 11-44). The commonest manifestation was headache [20 (55.6%)]. Seizures were seen in 8 (20.51%) and psychosis in 6 (16.2%). Fine distal tremor was seen in 8 (20.51%) of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Headache is a frequent NP syndrome. Fine distal tremor is a syndrome not included in ACR classification but seen is 20% of our patients with NPSLE.

Risk factors for coronary heart disease in noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).

Plasma levels of fasting and post-prandial blood sugar, serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), HDL cholesterol (HDLc), LDL cholesterol (LDLc) and free fatty acids (FFA) were estimated in 213 diabetic patients (NIDDM) with coronary heart disease (CHD-group 4), 252 CHD patients (non-diabetic CHD-group 3), 164 non-insulin dependent diabetics (NIDDM-group 2) and 173 healthy subjects (controls-group 1) who did not have any clinical evidence of CHD, diabetes mellitus or any family history of the above diseases. Data was analysed by ANOVA along with the Duncan procedure and multiple logistic regression. Lipid profile of diabetic CHD patients was characterised by significantly higher concentration of TC, TG, LDLc, FFA, LDLc/HDLc ratio and lower concentration of HDLc. However, in a multivariate logistic regression analysis using 14 known risk factors, diastolic blood pressure (BP), body mass index (BMI), alcohol consumption and higher FFA levels seemed to be predictors of CHD in diabetics, overriding the influence of lipoprotein abnormalities. The same was true for nondiabetic patients also in whom BMI, FFA and alcohol consumption were found to be significant predictors of CHD. Thus, even though lipid abnormalities are more prominent in diabetics, the coexistence of obesity and hypertension seem to be important factors in diabetics for the development of CHD.