RESUMEN
Background and Objectives: The aim of the present study was to carefully translate and psychometrically validate the depression, anxiety, and stress scale-21 (DASS-21) in Hindi language for Hindi-speaking head and neck cancer (HNC) and oral potentially malignant disorder (OPMD) patients. Materials and Methods: One hundred and sixty-seven HNC and OPMD patients were recruited for this study comprising of 111 oral cancer and 56 OPMD patients. According to internationally accepted guidelines, forward and backward translation procedures were performed, to develop a culturally acceptable version of DASS-21. Validated Hindi version of hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) questionnaire was used to compare the scores. Internal consistency for construct validity of the DASS-21 was assessed. Related data and the patients' demographics details were recorded. Factor analysis using varimax rotation was also carried out. Results: The Cronbach's alpha values were 0.998, 0.990, and 0.994, respectively, for depression, anxiety, and stress domains, which was comparable to other studies and indicated a strong internal consistency and good construct validity. Factor and varimax analysis revealed items to be well suited to their respective domains. A statistically significant strong correlation was reflected with HADS Hindi questionnaire; Spearman's rank correlation values observed were 0.80 and 0.83 for depression and anxiety, respectively. Interpretation and Conclusions: Hindi version of the DASS-21 questionnaire appears to be culturally appropriate, reliable, and psychometrically valid tool for evaluation of the psychological burden (depression, anxiety, and stress) in Hindi-speaking HNC and OPMD patients
RESUMEN
The study reports the prevalence of non-conducive behavioural practices in the area of “health care” prevalent in 1134 families of Northern India. Sample consisted of 563 families from rural and 571 families from urban area of Barabanki (Centre), Muzaffarnagar (North) & Gorakhpur (East) district of Uttar Pradesh, India. Behaviour correlates in the area of health care were mapped on a pre-prepared schedule, “Proforma for mapping of Behaviour correlates”. Percentage, hypothesis testing for difference between proportions and rank-order correlation was used for statistical analysis of data. Findings suggest that significantly more families from rural areas were involved in non-health conducive behavioral practices in all the studied constituent elements of self care except ‘carefulness about oral hygiene’. Urban families were more frequently involved in regular daily routine, carefulness about personal hygiene, appropriate use of personal & leisure time activities, elderly & child care than rural area. The study highlights the need for behavioural intervention both in urban as well as rural families in day to day living.