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Objective@#Numerous classification schemes have been used for carotid cavernous fistula (CCF), each describing some aspect of the disease process but none of them provides a complete description of the fistula including its clinical features, natural history, arterial and venous architecture. @*Methods@#Retrospective clinical and radiological review was done for all the patients diagnosed with CCF and treated at our institute. The CCF were classified according to the proposed API-ACE classification along with Barrow and Thomas classification. @*Results@#Overall 28 patients (M=21, F=7) were diagnosed and treated during the 6-year period. 89.2% of CCF developed following an episode of head injury. Orbital symptoms were the most common presenting complaints. Barrows type A was the most predominant subtype (n=24) and most of the patients (n=23) demonstrated decreased ipsilateral carotid filling. Combined anterior and posterior drainage pattern was the most common drainage pattern and anterior drainage was more commonly observed than posterior drainage. @*Conclusions@#API-ACE classification helps to better understand and classify the angioarchitecture of CCF which could help better understand the clinical manifestations and guide in appropriate endovascular approach selection for treatment.
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Objective@#Pseudoaneurysms (PSAs) of the internal carotid artery (ICA) and vertebral artery are rare entities but with varied treatment options. PSAs can be spontaneous or secondary to trauma, infections, malignancies or iatrogenic. To find out the efficacy of various endovascular interventions in the management of ICA and vertebral PSAs. @*Methods@#The study included 14 patients diagnosed with intracranial PSAs who underwent endovascular interventions in SMS Medical College, Jaipur (Rajasthan) between June 2015 to January 2019. The clinical and radiological findings (computed tomography angiography and digital subtraction angiography) were reviewed and the consequent endovascular intervention carried out and their results were analyzed. @*Results@#Total 14 patients were studied out of which 8 (57.1%) were anterior circulation PSAs and 6 (42.9%) were posterior circulation PSAs There were 10 (71.4%) females and 4 (28.5%) males between the age of 9 to 65 years. Only 2 patients with PSA had past history of trauma. Coiling was done in 8 patients (57.1%), stenting in 2 patients (14.2%), parent artery occlusion in 1 patient (7.1%), glue embolization in 1 patient (7.1%) while coiling with glue in 1 patient (7.1%) and flow diverter in 2 patients (14.2%). Immediate and complete occlusion was achieved in 11 (78.6%) patients while 3 (21.4%) patients had subtotal occlusion. 11 patients under follow up till June 2019 did not report recurrence or new neurological deficit. @*Conclusions@#Endovascular interventions is minimally invasive and safe treatment strategy for intracranial PSAs. The ultimate choice of technique depends on clinical and imaging characteristics.
RESUMEN
Objective@#Pseudoaneurysms (PSAs) of the internal carotid artery (ICA) and vertebral artery are rare entities but with varied treatment options. PSAs can be spontaneous or secondary to trauma, infections, malignancies or iatrogenic. To find out the efficacy of various endovascular interventions in the management of ICA and vertebral PSAs. @*Methods@#The study included 14 patients diagnosed with intracranial PSAs who underwent endovascular interventions in SMS Medical College, Jaipur (Rajasthan) between June 2015 to January 2019. The clinical and radiological findings (computed tomography angiography and digital subtraction angiography) were reviewed and the consequent endovascular intervention carried out and their results were analyzed. @*Results@#Total 14 patients were studied out of which 8 (57.1%) were anterior circulation PSAs and 6 (42.9%) were posterior circulation PSAs There were 10 (71.4%) females and 4 (28.5%) males between the age of 9 to 65 years. Only 2 patients with PSA had past history of trauma. Coiling was done in 8 patients (57.1%), stenting in 2 patients (14.2%), parent artery occlusion in 1 patient (7.1%), glue embolization in 1 patient (7.1%) while coiling with glue in 1 patient (7.1%) and flow diverter in 2 patients (14.2%). Immediate and complete occlusion was achieved in 11 (78.6%) patients while 3 (21.4%) patients had subtotal occlusion. 11 patients under follow up till June 2019 did not report recurrence or new neurological deficit. @*Conclusions@#Endovascular interventions is minimally invasive and safe treatment strategy for intracranial PSAs. The ultimate choice of technique depends on clinical and imaging characteristics.
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Central nervous system involvement is observed in no more than 10% of patients with systemic tuberculosis. Although CNS tuberculosis is not rare in endemic countries, such as India, intramedullary tuberculosis is not commonly reported. In this study, we report a case of a 40-year-old female who presented with a six-year history of insidious onset, gradually progressive, asymmetric quadriparesis. She was diagnosed with intramedullary tuberculoma at the craniovertebral junction and showed significant clinico-radiological improvement with medical management alone. To the best of our knowledge, this report describes the first case of intramedullary tuberculoma at the craniovertebral junction to be reported. With the increased availability of MRI in developing countries, it is now possible for clinicians to diagnose this condition without performing a biopsy. It is important for the clinicians in developed countries to be highly suspicious of intramedullary tuberculoma, as there has been a resurgence of CNS tuberculosis due to the emergence of the HIV pandemic