The epidemiological burden of reducing salt intake in Paraguay: A modeling study / A carga epidemiológica da redução do sal no Paraguai: um estudo de modelagem

ABSTRACT Objective This study aims to estimate the epidemiological burden of excessive salt intake reduction and achieve the World Health Organization salt reduction target for 2025 in Paraguay, in 2019. Methods We used the Preventable Risk Integrated Model, a comparative risk assessment macro-simulation model, to estimate the averted deaths, disease incidence, and disability-adjusted life years from cardiovascular disease attributable to salt intake in the population of Paraguay for different salt reduction policy scenarios. Results As a result, in Paraguay, excessive salt intake (over 5 g/day) is responsible for approximately 2,656 cardiovascular disease deaths (95% Uncertainty Interval: 1,250-3,765), 4,816 cardiovascular disease cases (95% UI: 2,251-6,947), and 60,529 disability-adjusted life years (95% UI: 27,828-86,258) per year. By reducing salt consumption by 30%, as recommended by the World Health Organization until 2025, approximately 1,188 deaths (95% UI: 520 to 1,820), 2,100 incident cases (95% UI: 923-3,234), and 27,272 disability-adjusted life years (95% UI: 11,999-41,675) from cardiovascular disease could be averted every year. Conclusion In conclusion, the burden of cardiovascular disease attributable to excessive salt intake is significant and salt reduction policies must become a priority in Paraguay.

RESUMO Objetivo Este estudo visa estimar a carga epidemiológica do consumo excessivo de sal e o alcance da meta da Organização Mundial de Saúde para 2025 no Paraguai, em 2019. Métodos Foi usado um modelo de avaliação comparativa de risco (Preventable Risk Integrated Model) para análise comparativa de risco para estimar mortes, casos incidentes e anos de vida ajustados por incapacidade (DALYs) por doenças cardiovasculares atribuíveis ao consumo excessivo de sal na população paraguaia em diferentes cenários. Resultados No Paraguai, o consumo excessivo de sal é responsável por aproximadamente 2.656 mortes (Intervalo de Incerteza 95%: 1.250-3.765), 4.816 casos incidentes (95% II: 2.251-6.947) e 60.529 DALYs (95% II: 27.828-86.258) por doenças cardiovasculares por ano. Com uma redução de 30% no consumo de sal, como recomendado pela Organização Mundial de Saúde até 2025, aproximadamente 1.188 mortes (95% II: 520-1.820), 2.100 casos incidentes (95% II: 923-3.234) e 27.272 DALYs (95% II: 11.999-41.675) por doenças cardiovasculares poderiam ser prevenidos ou adiados por ano. Conclusão Concluiu-se que a carga de doenças cardiovasculares atribuível ao consumo excessivo de sal no Paraguai é significante e políticas de redução deveriam ser priorizadas no país.

Actitudes, conocimientos y comportamientos sobre el consumo de sal según la percepción de un grupo de mujeres en Paraguay / Attitudes, knowledge and behaviors about salt consumption according to the perception of a group of women in Paraguay

Introducción: la hipertensión arterial se encuentra dentro de las enfermedades crónicas más prevalentes en nuestro país, el consumo excesivo de sal podría ser un factor preponderante de esta situación, el conocer lo que piensa nuestra población sobre ello y que actitud y predisposición al cambio demuestra, aportaría información relevante para desarrollar estrategias de prevención. Objetivos: El objetivo fue comprender el significado, el valor y el alcance que los sujetos atribuyen al consumo de sal/sodio alimentario y sus actitudes y prácticas para el cambio en relación al consumo de sal/sodio en la alimentación. Materiales y métodos: se enmarcó en un proyecto cualitativo, que permitió indagar sobre los conocimientos y actitudes de las personas sobre el consumo de sal/ sodio alimentario, la adquisición de los productos a consumir y las condiciones para intentar un cambio de actitud y comportamiento. Resultados: fueron agrupados de acuerdo a las categorías y descriptores definidos según el problema de investigación. Conclusión: Esta investigación nos ha llevado a comprender mejor el pensamiento y la actitud hacia el consumo de sal de un grupo población muy importante, que son las mujeres, en quienes recae la tarea de comprar y cocinar para la familia. A través de la información obtenida se crea un abanico de posibilidades para intentar un cambio positivo y reforzar aquello que ya está encaminado.

Introduction: arterial hypertension is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases in our country, excessive salt consumption could be a major factor in this situation, knowing what our population thinks about it and the attitude and predisposition to change it, would provide relevant information to develop prevention strategies. Objectives: The objective was to understand the meaning, value and scope that the subjects attribute to the consumption of salt/sodium in the diet. Materials and methods: it was framed in a qualitative Project, which made it possible to inquire about people's knowledge and attitudes about the consumption of dietary salt/sodium, the acquisition of the products to consume and conditions to attempt a change in attitude and behavior. Results: they were grouped according to the categories and descriptors defined according to the research problem. Conclusion: this research has led us to better understand the thinking and attitude towards salt consumption of a very important population group, that are the woman, in whom falls the task of buying and cooking for the family. Through the information obtained, a range of possibilities is created to try a positive change and reinforce what is already underway.