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Hepatocellular carcinoma also known as hepatoma is considered as the most common type of primary liver malignancy and is the leading cause of death worldwide. The incidence and mortality is still on the rise despite the drastic progress in early screening tools and new advancements in diagnosis and treatment. For the patients presenting with advanced disease, Sorafenib is the only approved drug, however the treatment outcome of metastatic cancer is still unsatisfactory with median overall survival below 15 months. Over the past few years great progress has been achieved in anticancer therapy, but development of resistance and unavoidable side effects have weakened these attainments. Keeping in view this stern condition, a number of drugs with novel antitumor mechanisms are under investigations including antimicrobials which have been shown to possess anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and cytotoxic effects. In this regard, both conventional and novel antimicrobials are being studied to explore their anticancer potential along with underlying mechanisms which may render them as effective anticancer drugs in near future. Moreover, the new approach of drug repurposing is also being encouraged especially in cancers in order to reduce cost and limit adverse effects. The purpose of this review is to provide comprehensive landscape of current information on anti-tumor evidence in support of certain compounds with well-known antimicrobial activities, against HCC based on relevant literature search on different HCC cell lines.
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Aim:The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of PCOS among different gynecological disorders at tertiary care hospital of Karachi and to assess the most frequent presenting complaint with associated complications among them. Study Design:Single-centered cross-sectional study.Place and Duration of Study:Gynecological clinic of Karachi at a Tertiary care Hospital during 3rd December 2018 to 29th March 2019.Methodology:Total 335 premenopausal women approached the clinic with different gynecological disorders during the period of four months and 305 patients agreed to participate. The patients were enrolled via convenient sampling technique. After taking the informed consent they were evaluated through clinical interviews, questionnaire, and anthropometric measurements. The diagnosis of PCOS was made by using Rotterdam criteria 2003. Menstrual irregularities were assessed via history. Clinical hyperandrogenism was evaluated by using modified Ferriman–Gallwey scale and Acne Global Grading System. Obesity was calculated through BMI. The Hamilton scale was used to appraise associated psychological disturbances.Results:PCOS was the most prevalent gynecological disorder (55.41%) among women of the premenopausal age. Overall, the most frequent presenting complaint was infertility but age related variations in symptoms showed that young adolescent and adulthood had more menstruation irregularities while, in late adolescent the chief complaint was infertility. Moreover, these patients were either overweight 32% or obese 46.2%. Other associated problems such as anxiety and migraine were more frequent in young adults and juveniles respectively.Conclusion:PCOS is the most common gynecological problemin our region. These women usually presents with altered complains that influence their physiological and psychological health which in turn effects the quality of life
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Background: Postnatal depression can affect health of among many mothers
Objective: To assess the frequency of depression among postnatal women in a tertiary care setting of Pakistan. Methodology: Study Design: Cross Sectional Study. Two hundred and fifty Postnatal women were recruited voluntarily through Gynecology and Obstetrics ward Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan. A structured Proforma was prepared and later screened through 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale [EPDS]. The results were analyzed through SPSS version 21. Frequency of depression was presented as percentage
Results: The mean age of the postnatal recruited women was 27.5 years. It was noted that 75 [30%] of the Postnatal women were depressed; among Primigravida [28%] and Multigravida [30%] have depression. Poverty, lack of social support, female children only and birth of female child were enlisted as common among the risk factors
Conclusion: The study showed that one third the mothers have postnatal depression. Hence effective preventive strategy should be opted by the health care professionals for early detection and management. In addition to, awareness, de-stigmatization and vigilant measures should be taken in the community in order to prevent the distress
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Background: The life time prevalence of Schizophrenia is significant. Studies have shown that schizophrenia causes family burden among caregivers leading to unhealthy family functioning
Objective: To determine the family burden among care givers of patients having Schizopheria
Methodology: The sample size in this study was calculated and the cross sectional study was carried out at Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Sheikh Zayed Medical College/Hospital, Rahim Yar Khan from 1[st] June 2014 to 31[st] March 2015.Sampling technique was non probability purposive sampling. Care givers of the included 130 patients having schizopheria was calculated using 14% expected family burden at 6% margin of error and 95% confidence level using WHO formula. Both genders, age ranged between 18-60 years and care givers of patients having at least 2 years history of schizophrenia was included. The data was collected using a structured proforma. The participants were assessed with a comprehensive battery of using Zarit burden interview scale which explores negative physical, mental, social and economic impacts of care giving on the life of caregivers
Results: Mean age of all 130 care givers was 34.03 +/- 11.59 years. There were 65 male and 65 female care givers. As per ZARIT score, 01[0.8%] care giver had mild to moderate burden, 42 [32.3%] had moderate to severe burden and 87 [6.9%] care givers had severe burden. It was observed that in younger age groups the burden was high as that of elderly age group but this difference was not statistically significant
Conclusion: Relatives of patients with schizophrenia face enormous burdens, with financial, stigma and negative patient behavior being more prominent
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Background: Different professions are under a great deal of stress related to a variety of occupational stress factors. These factors contribute to decreased job satisfaction, decreased work output, mental and physical exhaustion and absenteeism due to sickness. It often occurs when individuals' cannot cope with their job demands, physically or emotionally
Objective: To determine the frequency of stress among three highly challenged occupations which are doctors, engineers and teachers
Methods: The cross sectional study was conducted in the District South of Karachi using separate questionnaires for doctors, engineers and teachers. In this research the total of 600 individuals were included, 200 from each profession. Only those individuals were surveyed who are currently working in government institutions of this district. The data obtained was analyzed using SPSS v.20
Results: The results showed that engineers are under a higher level of stress as compared to doctors and teachers. Workload, lack of power and influence, office politics, inadequate or poor quality of training/management development and lack of encouragement are the major factors that are contributing to build stress in engineers
Conclusion: As the frequency of stressful activities found higher in engineer, their workload should be minimized and divided among the relevant posts rather than putting the entire burden on an individual. Office politics must be discouraged as this has proved to have detrimental effects on individual's life. Lack of knowledge, power, influence, training and encouragement has led to increased stress. Stress management programs will improve management, and good intrapersonal relationships