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GoalTo evaluate the quality, results, and processing of cytology analyses of early detection program ofuterine cervical cancer implemented in Mongolia, which based on Pap test, at Ulaanbaatar city level.Materials and MethodsInformation was collected from the databases of the recalling system of screening program of theCancer registration and information unit of the NCC of Mongolia and districts pathology laboratoreis.Statistical significant level of 1.96 (95% CI) andthe margins of error 0.05 were considered andsample size was calculated by using the information that 10% of unsatisfied results appear onquality assurance of international level. Thus calculations were madefortotal of 1723 (585 positiveand negative 1138) samples, by collecting 287smears from each district.At the district level all the selected slides were reviewed blindly and compared to the previouscytological conclusion. Diagnostic validity was defined by calculating parameters such as specificityand sensitivity, positive and negative predicted values. The Kappa index criteriais used for statisticalcalculation of the cytological diagnosis conclusion matches.ResultsThe target group women coverage of cervical cancer screening program is 40.8%. Out of all positiveresults of early screening cytology, 77% were at an early stage and 23% were at an advanced stage.Thus positive signs were showed with increased detection results in early stage of uterine cervicalcancer (P = 0.05). Positive results of Pap test were follows; ASCUS (53.2%), ASC-H (10.0%), LSIL(19.2%), HSIL (13.4%), CIS (3.4%), and SCC (0, 8%). Out of total slides, 86.7% were as satisfactory.The test results conducted at the district level were90.1% of sensitivity, 88.8% of specificity and9.9% of false negative response. The discrepancy of results of cytology test in districts and repeatedseen is 31.4% (K = 0.749; p = 0.001).ConclusionThe coverage of cervical cancer screening program that has been implementing in our country isnot enough. There are problems at the district level including severe damages of uterine cervix andincomplete diagnosis. The quality of the cytology test is relatively unsatisfied.
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In modern society there is an increasing demand for oral communication in many professions. Professional voice users aren’t limited to teachers, ministers, salesmen, telemarketers, telephone operators, actors, singers, radio/TV announcers and attorneys. Problems reported by professional voice users are varied and may include hoarseness, voice breaks or cracks, voice loss, weak voiceand vocal fatigue. There are no studies done about the professional voice users in Mongolia. The purpose of this research that was to examine loading effect of work and additional loading factors. We were studied about comparison between normal groups and voice changes groups. Ninety seven professional voice users participated in this study. Half had singers group and half were found to haveteachers group. We used to the voice handicap index (VHI ) score and videolaryngoscopy and other general questionnaire.We studies voice change of the 97 professional voice users. We diagnosed voice disoeders by videolaryngoscopy and voice handicap index. We collected the data base in SPSS 22 and Microsoft excel programs.Major risk factor for voice change was use hormonal medicine. From 97 patients were predominantly diagnosed disease 14,4% reflux laryngit, 15.5% vocal fold nodule, 23.7% acute laryngit. Most of the patients had mild levels changes of voice handicap index.Voice disorders are common in professional voice users. So steroid use increase the risk of voice disorder in professional voice users.
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INTRODUCTION:In connection with request and financial assistance of Swiss Development Agency ‘’Mercury exposureand health impact assessment study among small scale miners in mercury free technology, wasconducted by researchers of Toxicology division of NCPH.GOAL:To determine mercury exposure level in biological samples of local small scale miners from mercury freetechnology introduced area. To reveal chronic mercury intoxicated patients,MATERIALS AND METHODS:Totally 147 artisanal miners from 33 cooperatives for small scale mining from Bayan-Îvoo soum ofBayankhongor, Bornuur sum of Tuv, Bayangol, Mandal and Tunkhel sum of Selenge province areparticipated in this study and the study was performed by cross sectional study methods during April toDecember, 2014.Over all 147 participants were in the first part of study, 60.5% out of 147 (89 participants) were in secondparts, and another 35.4% (52 people) were participated to the third parts of study. The participants wereundergone in to toxicological, dermatological and neurological examinations and the WHO guidance formercury exposure determination was followed in this study.RESULTS:On the results of all testing we revealed that there were 2 cases of chronic mercury intoxicated patientsfrom each Bayangol Bornuur soum, 2 from Mandal soum, and 3 from Bayanovoo soum.Overall 7 patientswere diagnosed as chronic mercury intoxicated and it comprised 4.7%of (n=147) all involved participants.We have observed that average height of total medical examination number was (2.9) in Bornuur soum.It indicated that there will have higher number of patients would exist in Bornuur soum than others.Ourstudy result has shown that neurological symptoms like tremor and imbalance were more diagnosedamong participants from Mandal and Bayngol soums. It implies that the health of the small scale minersfrom this soum more affected and needed to be investigating further.CONCLUSIONS:Mercury is still being used among artisanal gold miners even thoughit is still illegal. Further medicalevaluation and assistance needed to be taken for newly diagnosed 7 patients.
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IntroductionGSTs are a family of antioxidant enzymes that responsible for the detoxification of many carcinogens.Glutathione S-transferases are polymorphic in humans and the null genotypes are results in lack ofenzyme activity. In many studies the polymorphisms of GSTM1, GSTT1 have been associated withcancers of the lung, bladder, breast and colon.GoalIn this research we aimed to establish PCR condition for obtaining “long” PCR product for detection ofdeletions in GSTT1, GSTM1 genes using various master mixes, which would help us further to detectheterozygous variants for these two genes in Mongolian population.Materials and MethodsThree kinds of commercial master mixes as Go Taq PCR master mix (USA), Taq 2x Dual master mix(Mongolia), and DyNAzyme EXT buffer were tested at various PCR conditions on 117 DNA samples,isolated in three ways such as phenol chloroform extraction method, guanidine hydrochloride methodand using Promega Wizard Genomic Fragment DNA Extraction Kit from fresh blood lymphocytes, buccalswabs and dried blood spots.Results:Three types of samples were used for DNA extraction such as buccal swabs, dried onto soft tissue bloodspots and fresh peripheral blood lymphocytes, using three kind extraction methods from which DNAtemplate obtained from fresh blood isolated by guanidine chloride method had best quality. Combinationas template DNA from fresh blood, guanidine chloride DNA extraction method and Taq 2x Dual mastermix (Mongolia) resulted in all four band, whereas other combination did not display desired results.Conclusions:Out of three kinds commercial master mixes tested in this study for various PCR template DNApreparation and PCR conditions we observed that:1. PCR with Taq 2x Dual master mix (Mongolia) resulted in all four initially desired PCR productsas 625bp for GSTM1, 969bp for GSTT1 genes and 4748bp for GSTM1, 3106bp for GSTT1 genedeletions correspondingly;2. Template genome DNA prepared from fresh peripheral blood lymphocytes by guanidine hydrochlorideextraction methods suited best for “long” PCR reaction;3. Using Taq 2x Dual master mix produced in Mongolia saved us time and was cheaper.4. Multplex primer mix is excellent tool in research of GST gene polymorphism.
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INTRODUCTION:GSTs are a family of antioxidant enzymes that responsible for the detoxification of many carcinogens.Glutathione S-transferases are polymorphic in humans and the null genotypes are results in lack ofenzyme activity.In many studies the polymorphisms of GSTM1, GSTT1 have been associated withcancers of the lung, bladder, breast and colon.GOAL:In this research we aimed to establish PCR condition for obtaining “long” PCR product for detectionof deletions in GSTT1, GSTM1 genes using various master mixes, which would help us further todetect heterozygous variants for these two genes in Mongolian population.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Three kinds of commercial master mixes as Go Taq PCR master mix (USA), Taq 2x Dual master mix(Mongolia), and DyNAzyme EXT buffer were tested at various PCR conditions on 117 DNA samples,isolated in three ways such as phenol chloroform extraction method, guanidine hydrochloride methodand using Promega Wizard Genomic Fragment DNA Extraction Kit from fresh blood lymphocytes,buccal swabs and dried blood spots.RESULTS:Three types of samples were used for DNA extraction such as buccal swabs, dried onto soft tissueblood spots and fresh peripheral blood lymphocytes, using three kind extraction methods from whichDNA template obtained from fresh blood isolated by guanidine chloride method had best quality.Combination as template DNA from fresh blood, guanidine chloride DNA extraction method and Taq2x Dual master mix (Mongolia) resulted in all four band, whereas other combination did not displaydesired results.CONCLUSIONS:Out of three kinds commercial master mixes tested in this study for various PCR templateDNApreparation and PCR conditions we observed that:1. PCR with Taq 2x Dual master mix (Mongolia) resulted in all four initially desiredPCR productsas 625bp for GSTM1, 969bp for GSTT1 genes and 4748bp for GSTM1, 3106bp for GSTT1 genedeletions correspondingly;2. Template genome DNA prepared from fresh peripheral blood lymphocytes by guanidinehydrochloride extraction methods suited best for “long” PCR reaction;3. Using Taq 2x Dual master mix produced in Mongolia saved us time and was cheaper.4. Multplex primer mix is excellent tool in research of GST gene polymorphism.
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In 1992, the World Health Organization (WHO), developed a detailed set of criteria on oligophrenia diagnosis and differential diagnosis of clinically and recommends the methodology to test natural state of people’s psychology-intelligence development within the nation’s cultureand living environment and to define clinical characteristics. Thus, this study has been done upon the needs to localize some questions on IQ tests in close consideration of natural state of the Mongolians’ intelligence development within the nation’s culture.We had totally 340 individuals, who were sent by the stationary and ambulatory of the National Center for Mental Health, the Health Care Centers of Districts, the clinics in provinces, and Child Care and Protection Center for IQ tests as recommended by psychotherapists, as a target group and analyzed their test results with the WAIS test for defining their IQ levels.Totally 340 individuals of 15-58 year olds, including 178 males and 162 females were involved. According to the WAIS test, their IQ scores were between 32 and 120 with an average score: IQ=59.6%±0.8. According to the general knowledge scale test results, all the respondentseither from urban or rural areas were unable to answer two specific questions: “What is the name of the airplane inventor?” and “Who discovered the American continent?” out of the 25 questions in the test. Moreover, the 98.2% (n=334) of the respondents could also not answerthe question “What is the name of the Hamlet’s author?”.There were five respondents, who were able to answer the question and four of them were from the urban area. To the question “What centimeter is equal to 10 decimeter?” the 85% (n=289) of the respondents were unableto answer and the 92.2% (n=167, р=0,001) of the espondents from rural areas provided no any answer to the question.Test results are depending on the level of individual’s intelligence quotient (IQ). It is obvious that some respondents from rural areas more failed to answer the questions in, comparing to those provided by the respondents from urban areas. It would be caused anddirectly dependent on availabilities of information accessing sources, educational environment,and levels.
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In pathopsychology, one branch of mental analysis, recently we are using qualitative analyzing methods for mental phenomena. But improvement of professional methods of study, generalization of the new computer based technology, children’s psychology assessment and many other problems are becoming an urgent issue in this field.Our study involved 45 children from orphanage and the High School Personality Questionnaire (HSPQ) computer based questionnaire is used to measure the personality characteristics of orphan children. Spielberg-Hanin test is used to reveal anxiety. Study is analyzed by SPSS program.In total, 45 children (age from 9 to 18), 22 boys and 23 girls participated in our survey. 8.9% of them measured as a high intelligence, 91.1% measured as a lower and an average intelligence. Interestingly, 60% of children were good at controlling their emotions and behavior. Thus 55.6%had symptoms of flexible mind, imagining and probability of affect illness. Having more stress is due to introverted preference and self-blaming, also a feeling of self-blaming is due to not being bold. 51.1% of them assessed that they have dependent, emulative personality and submissive behavior which was very considerably. The anxiety of condition was high in 34.1% of children andlow in 12.2% of them, thus anxiety of individual was high in 36.6% and low in 7.3% of children. Therefore, it’s essential to help orphan children and consider reducing anxiety and improving their self-independence.
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IndroductionThe short tandem repeats (STR) are rich source of highly polymorphic markers in the human genome. In this study, we used a commercially available multiplex STR typing kit to study 15 STR systems (D3S1358, THO1, D21S11, D18S51, Penta E, D5S818, D13S317, D7S820, D16S539, CSF1PO, Penta D, vWA, D8S1179, TPOX and FGA,) in the Mongolians population, and estimated the allele and genotype frequencies. These 15 STR loci include 2 new pentanucleotide repeat STR loci, Penta E and Penta D, so are not studied in Mongolians.GoalTo determine allele frequency of STR loci D3S1358, THO1,D21S11, D18S51, D5S818, D13S317, D7S820, D16S539, CSF1PO, vWA, D8S1179, TPOX, FGA Penta E, Penta D in Mongolian population.Materials and MethodsThe liquid blood, blood stain and saliva samples were taken from 165 unrelated individuals from Mongolian. Extraction DNA: Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood samples by the standard method of phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol and Wizard Genomic DNA Purification kit, Promega Corporation [21], from blood stain and saliva samples QIAamp DNA micro kit, Qiagen [25], AccuPrep Genomic DNA Extration kit, Bioneer, Koreans extraction method respectively.PCR: PCR amplification was performed using 10-15 ng genomic DNA template according to manufacturer’s protocol (PowerPlex® 16 and PowerPlex® 16HS kit, Promega Corporation, USA). Typing: DNA typing was performed on the ABI Prism 310 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems) using the recommended protocol. The results were analyzed by Data Collection (Version 1.1), GeneScan (Version 3.1), and Genotyper (Version 3.1) softwares (AppliedBiosystems).ResultsWe assessed forensic and population genetic studies using 15 STR loci included in s sample of 165 unrelated individuals from Mongolian. Allele frequency were listed in Table 2. Totally 20 alleles /5, 7-25/ were found from microsatellite Penta E locus and allele 11 has most frequent (0.1128). 6-16 alleles were found from Penta D locus and allele 9 has most frequent (0.3262). This result is interesting because allele 6 of Penta D locus was found rarely among other populations. But relatively higher frequency of allele 6 (0.0183) was found in Mongolian population. A population comparison based in genetic distance and genetic diversity calculated from allele frequencies of the 15 STR loci from obtained five different populations is shown the Table 3. Conclusions:1. Penta E locus was highly polymorphic, and 20 alleles were found in this Mongolians population and allele 11 was most frequent.2. Penta D locus was 20 alleles were found in this Mongolians population and allele 9 was most frequent.