Unidades RISC: una estrategia para evaluar riesgos de salud en la población infantil de comunidades contaminadas / CRCP units: a strategy to assess health risks in children in contaminated communities / Unidades RISC: uma estratégia para avaliar os riscos de saúde na população infantil de comunidades contaminadas

RESUMEN Las crisis humanitarias pueden presentarse en sitios afectados por amenazas químicas, físicas, biológicas y sociales, sobre todo cuando estas amenazas interaccionan entre sí y causan una sindemia. A fin de evitar las crisis, en estos sitios se hace necesario introducir medidas de mitigación que hemos enmarcado bajo el término de "escenarios humanitarios". Debido a su naturaleza, la implementación de dichas acciones de intervención requiere de la conformación de grupos operativos multidisciplinarios y de una estrategia de trabajo que permita integrarlos con la comunidad afectada. En el caso de la población infantil, el grupo operativo recibió el nombre de unidad de riesgos infantiles en sitios contaminados (RISC), es decir, en localidades impactadas por amenazas químicas, físicas o biológicas. La estrategia consta de las siguientes seis fases: i) planificación para el estudio y la visita al sitio; ii) participación de la comunidad para identificar amenazas, vulnerabilidades y rutas de exposición (el camino que deben seguir los contaminantes desde su fuente hasta la población receptora), así como para el trabajo conjunto en las siguientes fases; iii) priorización de riesgos identificados mediante el monitoreo ambiental y uso de biomarcadores de exposición y efectos; iv) prevención de riesgos a través de la creación de diversas capacidades y alternativas para la prevención ante amenazas sindémicas (CAPAS); v) promoción para implementar las CAPAS mediante la comunicación de riesgos y la capacitación local; y vi) protección con medidas que incluyen propuestas de telesalud, progreso social e innovación para mejorar la cobertura sanitaria. La estrategia ha sido aplicada en diferentes contextos, en algunos de los cuales, ha sido enriquecida con el análisis del respeto de los derechos humanos.

ABSTRACT Humanitarian crises can occur in places affected by chemical, physical, biological, and social threats, especially when these threats interact with each other and cause a syndemic. In order to avoid crises in these places, it is necessary to introduce mitigation measures that we have framed as "humanitarian scenarios". Due to their nature, implementation of these interventions requires the creation of multidisciplinary operational groups with a work strategy that integrates them into the affected community. In the case of the child population, the operational group was called the 'childhood risks in contaminated places' (CRCP) unit; contaminated places meaning localities impacted by chemical, physical, or biological threats. The strategy has six phases: (i) planning the survey and site visit; (ii) community involvement in identifying threats, vulnerabilities, and routes of exposure (the path of pollutants from their source to the receiving population), and in preparing joint work for the subsequent phases; iii) prioritization of risks identified through environmental monitoring and use of biomarkers of exposure and effects; iv) risk prevention through the creation of various 'capacities and alternatives for the prevention of syndemic threats'; (v) advocacy to implement these capacities and alternatives through risk communication and local training; and (vi) protection through measures that include telehealth, social progress, and innovation to improve health coverage. The strategy has been implemented in different contexts, and in some of them it has been enriched by analysis of respect for human rights.

RESUMO Crises humanitárias podem ocorrer em locais afetados por ameaças químicas, físicas, biológicas e sociais, principalmente quando essas ameaças interagem entre si e causam uma sindemia. Para evitar as crises, é necessário introduzir nesses locais medidas de mitigação que enquadramos no termo "cenários humanitários". Por sua natureza, a implementação de tais ações de intervenção exige a formação de grupos operacionais multidisciplinares e de uma estratégia de trabalho que permita integrá-los à comunidade afetada. No caso da população infantil, o grupo operacional recebeu o nome de Unidade de Riscos Infantis em Áreas Contaminadas (na sigla em espanhol, RISC), ou seja, em locais impactados por ameaças químicas, físicas ou biológicas. A estratégia consiste nas seis fases a seguir: i) planejamento para o estudo e visita ao local; ii) participação da comunidade para identificar ameaças, vulnerabilidades e rotas de exposição (caminho que os contaminantes devem seguir desde a sua fonte até a população receptora), bem como para o trabalho conjunto nas fases seguintes; iii) priorização dos riscos identificados por meio do monitoramento ambiental e uso de biomarcadores de exposição e efeitos; iv) prevenção de riscos por meio da criação de diversas capacidades e alternativas para a prevenção diante de ameaças sindêmicas (CAPAS); v) promoção da implantação das CAPAS por meio da comunicação de riscos e capacitação local; e vi) proteção com medidas que incluem propostas de telessaúde, progresso social e inovação para melhorar a cobertura de saúde. A estratégia foi aplicada em diferentes contextos, em alguns dos quais foi enriquecida com uma análise do respeito pelos direitos humanos.

Morfología microestructural dérmica en juveniles de dos especies hermanas de tiburón pala, Sphyrna tiburo y S. vespertina / Dermal microstructural morphology in juveniles of two sister species of bonnethead shark, Sphyrna tiburo and S. vespertina

RESUMEN: Los dentículos dérmicos son estructuras dermales presentes en el grupo de los condrictios, tienen un papel muy importante en su biología y se les ha utilizado como un carácter taxonómico que permiten reconocer grupos o especies. Por lo que en el presente trabajo se compara la morfología dermal de los juveniles de dos especies de tiburones pala, Sphyrna tiburo y S. vespertina, cuyo origen evolutivo está emparentado con el cierre del istmo centroaméricano. Para ello se obtuvieron muestras dermales (1 cm2) de tres regiones corporales y se procesaron para obtener imágenes de alta resolución por medio de Microscopia electrónica de barrido (MEB). Los dentículos de ambas especies tienen un patrón morfológico común, con variaciones en la longitud de las prolongaciones de las crestas, área libre y superposición de los dentículos, y grado de notoriedad de la ornamentación microestructural.

SUMMARY: The dermal denticles are dermal structures present in the group of chondrichthyans, they have a very important role in their biology and they have been used as a taxonomic character that allows to recognize groups or species. Therefore, in the present work, the dermal morphology of the juveniles of two species of shovel sharks, Sphyrna tiburo and S. vespertina, whose evolutionary origin is related to the closure of the Central American isthmus, is compared. For this, dermal samples (1 cm2) from three body regions were obtained and processed to obtain high resolution images by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The denticles of both species have a common morphological pattern, with variations in the length of the ridge extensions, free area and overlapping of the denticles, and the degree of notoriety of the microstructural ornamentation.

Egresados de la licenciatura en enfermería: estudio de trayectorias escolares y laborales / Graduates of the nursing degree: a study of school and work trajectories

Introducción: el trabajo educativo de las universidades debe ser evaluado y un criterio aceptado es el seguimiento de egresados; por ello, es importante realizar investigaciones vinculadas con las trayectorias escolares y laborales. Objetivo: describir las trayectorias escolares y laborales de los egresados de la Licenciatura en Enfermería de la Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza. Metodología: estudio descriptivo, transversal, con una muestra no probabilística de 203 egresados de la Licenciatura en Enfermería de la Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza. Las variables de estudio fueron las trayectorias escolar y laboral. Se aplicó un cuestionario de 42 ítems, valorado con preguntas abiertas y escala Likert. Se consideraron las gene- raciones de egresados que concluyeron sus estudios en 2015 y 2016. Los datos se analizaron con estadística descriptiva. Resultados: el 93% eligió la carrera como primera opción, lograron una calificación final promedio de 87, el 73% refirió ser titulado, el 69% trabaja, el 51% es por interinato y el 52% desempeña un puesto de auxiliar de enfermería. Conclusiones: en general los resultados son satisfactorios, pero aún hay un número importante de egresados con trayectorias escolares (27%) y laborales (31%) rezagadas que se deben atender.

Introduction: The universities educational work must be evaluated, and an accepted criterion is the followup of graduates, therefore it is important to carry out research related to school and work trajectories. Objective: To describe the graduate's school and work trajectories of the Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza Bachelor's degree in Nursing. Methods: Descriptive, crosssectional study, with a non-pro- babilistic sample of 203 graduates of the Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza Nursing Degree. The study varia- bles were the school and work trajectories, resolved with descriptive statistics. A questionnaire consisting of 42 items was applied, assessed with open questions and a Likert scale. The generations of graduates who completed studies in 2015 and 2016 were considered. Results: 93% chose the career as the first option, they achie- ved an average final grade of 87, 73% refer to being titled. 69% work, 51% are temporary, 52% have a nursing assistant position. Conclusions: In general, the results are satisfactory, however, there is still a significant number of graduates with lagged school (27%) and work (31%) careers that must be attended to.

Revisión del impacto del sector ladrillero sobre el ambiente y la salud humana en México / Environmental and human health effects caused by the Mexican bricks factories

Resumen: Objetivo: Describir el trabajo precario en el sector ladrillero de México, sus efectos en salud e intervenciones. Material y métodos: Se realizó una revisión sobre el sector ladrillero, así como su impacto en la salud y los estudios de exposición que se han realizado en México en bases de datos y sitios gubernamentales con restricción de idioma inglés y español. Las palabras claves utilizadas fueron "trabajo precario", "contaminación por ladrilleras", "efectos en salud" e "intervenciones". Resultados: Existen pocos trabajos que señalen la exposición ambiental y biológica en el sector ladrillero del país. Se encontraron diversas intervenciones en el sector para reducir los impactos ambientales y de salud, sin embargo, no se enfocan directamente en el trabajador y sus familias. Conclusión: Las zonas ladrilleras presentan altos niveles de contaminación. Se requiere de información que refleje la exposición a mezclas de sustancias tóxicas en trabajadores, familias y población aledaña a estas zonas.

Abstract: Objective: To describe the precarious conditions of the workers on the Mexican brick sector and their effects on health and possible intervention projects. Materials and methods: A review of databases and government sites (with English and Spanish language restrictions) was carried out to correlate the human health injury caused by the bricks factories' pollution. Exposure and health impact studies carried out in Mexico were analyzed. Keywords corresponding "precarious work", "brick pollution", "health effects" and "interventions" were used in the database search. Results: We found only a few studies that described environmental and biological effects caused by the brick sector in Mexico. Regarding intervention programs published until this year, our analysis indicates that these projects have the aim to reduce the environmental impacts but not ameliorate the health of the brick factories workers and their families. Conclusions: High levels of pollution were described in brick factories' areas. New studies are required to explore the effects of mixtures toxic substances over health workers, his families, and surrounding factories' population.

Update of the Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Infection, COVID-19, and Mortality in Mexico Until May 15, 2020: An Ecological Study

Aims:Disease for a novel coronavirus has been a big public health challenge around the world in the past several months. The aim of this study is to describe the epidemic and report the number of confirmed cases and deaths of disease for a novel coronavirus inMexico until May 15, 2020.Study Design:Ecological study.Place and Duration of Study: Registries of confirmed cases for disease for a novel coronavirus in Mexican population during January and until May 15, 2020, from National System of EpidemiologicalSurveillance/ General Direction of Epidemiology/ Secretary of Health, Mexico.Methodology: Based on the database of confirmed cases of disease for a novel coronavirus by Secretary of Health in Mexico, we collected data on age, gender, and deaths, and co-morbidities. As of May 15, 2020, 45,032 cases have been identified in Mexico. Results: The first confirmed case in Mexico has been identified on January 8, 2020 and the incidence has been rising from the end of February and throughout March. The early confirmed cases were imported cases resulting from travel to USA, Italy, Germany, Spain, France and Singapore. No one travelled to China. No cases of community transmission have been reported. The cause-specific mortality rate was 10.59% and the possibility to death is three times more if comorbidities are in the patient.Conclusion:The frequency of confirmed cases of disease for a novel coronavirus in Mexico are concerning and the health authorities in Mexico are waiting for the peak of the epidemiological curve to occur in May. The mortality is high with co-morbidities

Estudo dos modelos de comportamento do estudante com TDAH na classe de educação física / Estudio de los patrones de conducta del alumnado com TDAH en la clase de educación física / ADHD behavior patterns in physical education classes in primary school

O objetivo foi identificar os padrões de comportamento em aulas de Educação Física (EF) de alunos com diagnóstico de TDAH nas escolas primárias de Barcelona (Espanha). Seis estudantes e seus seis professores de Educação Física foram observados durante 42 aulas inteiras de Educação Física. Os professores foram entrevistados após o conjunto de observações por um tempo médio de 65 minutos. Os alunos com TDAH mostraram três categorias de comportamentos desejáveis e quatro categorias de comportamentos indesejáveis; 18,65% dos comportamentos registrados foram desejáveis e 81,35% indesejáveis. Os resultados sugerem que os professores devem se concentrar não apenas nas dificuldades colocadas pelo transtorno (ou seja, comportamentos indesejáveis), mas devem melhorar os aspectos positivos dos alunos com TDAH. A maneira de gerenciar a classe, o tipo de jogos, atividades esportivas e incentivar atividades criativas, aumentar os comportamentos desejáveis nas sessões de PE

El objetivo del trabajo fue identificar los patrones de conducta del alumnado diagnosticado con TDAH en las clases de Educación Física (EF) en las escuelas de Educación Primaria de Barcelona (España). Seis estudiantes y sus docentes de EF fueron observados durante 42 sesiones completas. Los maestros fueron entrevistados después del conjunto de observaciones durante un tiempo promedio de 65 minutos. El alumnado con TDAH mostró tres categorías de conductas deseables y cuatro categorías de conductas no deseables. El 18,65% de las conductas registradas fueron deseables y el 81,35% no deseables. Los resultados sugieren que el profesorado debería centrarse no solo en las dificultades planteadas por el trastorno (es decir, conductas no deseables), sino que deberían mejorar los aspectos positivos de los estudiantes con TDAH. La forma de administrar la clase y las actividades deportivas y el fomento de actividades creativas mejoran las conductas deseables en las sesiones de EF

The purpose of the study was to identify the behavioral patterns of students diagnosed with ADHD in Physical Education (PE) classes in primary schools of Barcelona, Spain. Six students and their PE teachers were observed during 42 entire lessons. After the observations, teachers were interviewed for 65 minutes on average. Students with ADHD displayed three categories of desirable behavior and four categories of undesirable behavior; 18.65% of behaviors registered were desirable and 81.35% were undesirable. The results suggest that teachers should not only focus on the difficulties posed by the disorder (i.e., undesirable behaviors), but also enhance the positive aspects of students with ADHD. The way to manage sections, give sports lessons and encourage creative activities enhance desirable behaviors in PE lessons

Gobernanza de responsabilidad de salud en una ciudad del centro de Mexico / governance of health responsibility in a town in central Mexico

En términos generales, la promoción del autocuidado obedece a las pautas de las organizaciones internacionales que buscan reducir el gasto social en atención médica, pero con énfasis en la responsabilidad personal. El objetivo del presente trabajo es discutir esta fórmula, estableciendo un modelo para el estudio del fenómeno. Se realizó un trabajo documental con una selección no probabilística de fuentes indexadas a repositorios nacionales, considerando la inclusión de conceptos: "salud política", "programas de atención médica","estrategias de prevención"y"autocuidado". Se sugieren líneas de investigación sobre la extensión del modelo(AU)

Gross mode, the promotion of self-care obeys the guidelines of international organizations that seek to reduce social spending in medical care, but with the emphasis on personal responsibility. Te objective of the present work is to discuss this formula, establishing a model for the study of the phenomenon. A documentary work was done with a non - probabilistic selection of sources indexed to national repositories, considering publication, and the inclusion of concepts "health policy", "health care programs", "prevention strategies" and "self-care". Tere are lines of investigation concerning the extension of the model(AU9

modo bruto, a promoção do autocuidado obedece às diretrizes das organizações internacionais que buscam reduzir os gastos sociais na assistência médica, mas com ênfase na responsabilidade pessoal. O objetivo do presente trabalho é discutir essa fórmula, estabelecendo um modelo para o estudo do fenômeno. Um trabalho documental foi realizado com uma seleção não - probabilística de fontes indexadas a repositórios nacionais, considerando a publicação, ea inclusão de conceitos "política de saúde", "programas de atenção à saúde", "estratégias de prevenção" e "autocuidado". Existem linhas de investigação sobre a extensão do modelo(AU)

Trayectoria laboral y satisfacción de los egresados de Licenciatura en Enfermería de la Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza / Career path and satisfaction of graduales of Nursing Bachelor from the Faculty of Higher Studies Zaragoza

Introducción: la dinámica del mercado laboral involucra las formas de producir y ofertar servicios, así como la selección de la fuerza de trabajo. El seguimiento de la inserción y trayectoria laboral de los egresados aporta información esencial para las instituciones educativas. Objetivo: describir la ubicación, trayectoria laboral y satisfacción de los egresados de la Licenciatura de Enfermería en la Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal con una muestra no probabilística de 140 egresados de la Licenciatura de Enfermería. Se aplicó un cuestionario con 30 ítems, sobre la ubicación y trayectoria de los egresados en el mercado laboral y un apartado sobre la satisfacción con su actividad laboral valorado con escala de Likert. Resultados: el 66.4% de los egresados de la Licenciatura en Enfermería tiene empleo en el sector salud. El 49% se encuentra en instituciones públicas y 51% en instituciones privadas. Los egresados valoran sentirse satisfechos con su actividad laboral, el 60% de ellos tiene la posibilidad de responder a problemas de relevancia social y el 57.1% aplica los conocimientos aprendidos. Conclusiones: la inserción de los egresados al mercado laboral está determinada no solo por factores académicos, sino también por factores sociales, laborales y sindicales. Entre los factores académicos están la buena aceptación de la carrera en el mercado laboral, las competencias adquiridas y el prestigio de la institución.

Introduction: The dynamics of the labor market involves the ways of producing and offering services and the selection of the work force. The monitoring of the insertion and trajectory of the graduates provides essential information for educational institutions. Objective: To describe the location, career path and satisfaction of graduates of nursing degree in the Faculty of Higher Studies Zaragoza of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study with a non-probabilistic sample of 140 graduate students in nursing. A questionnaire with 30 items was applied, on the location and trajectory of graduates in the labor market and a section on satisfaction with their work activity assessed with a Likert scale. Results: 66.4% of the graduates of bachelor's degree in nursing have jobs in the health sector. 49% are in public institutions and 51% in private institutions. The graduate's value feeling satisfied with their work activity, 60% of them have the possibility of responding to problems of social relevance and 57.1% applies the knowledge learned. Conclusions: The insertion of graduates to the labor market is determined not only by academic factors but also by social, labor and union factors. Among the academic factors are the good acceptance f the career in the labor market, the skills acquired and the prestige of the institution.

Effect of cigarette smoke on counts of immunoreactive cells to eotaxin-1 and eosinophils on the nasal mucosa in young patients with perennial allergic rhinitis / Efeito do tabagismo nas contagens de células imunorreativas a eotaxina-1 e eosinófilos na mucosa nasal em pacientes jovens com rinite alérgica perene

Abstract Introduction: In teenagers with perennial allergic rhinitis, exposure to tobacco cigarette smoke increases the count of eosinophils in the nasal mucosa; the recruitment of eosinophils arises from the combined action of a number of cellular and molecular signals, including eotaxin. Objective: To assess the effect of exposure to tobacco cigarette smoke on the count of immunoreactive cells to eotaxin-1 and eosinophils on the nasal mucosa of children and teenagers with perennial allergic rhinitis. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, forty-four patients were evaluated (aged 7-19 years old): 22 with and 22 with no exposure to tobacco cigarette smoke. After replying to 2 validated questionnaires, on Asthma and Allergies in Childhood and on the severity of nasal symptoms, nasal mucosal samples were obtained by scraping the middle one-third of the inferior turbinates. Then counts of immunoreactive cells to eotaxin-1 and eosinophils were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Results: Patients with exposure to tobacco cigarette smoke showed higher cell counts of both eotaxin-1 and eosinophils than patients with no exposure to the smoke, with no correlation between the two variables. However, both counts, of eotaxin-1 and eosinophils, were related to the cotinine/creatinine ratio. Conclusions: Exposure to tobacco cigarette smoke can increase eotaxin-1 and the count of eosinophils in the nasal mucosa of young patients with perennial allergic rhinitis.

Resumo Introdução: Em adolescentes com rinite alérgica perene, a exposição à fumaça do cigarro de tabaco aumenta a contagem de eosinófilos na mucosa nasal. O recrutamento de eosinófilos surge da ação combinada de alguns sinais celulares e moleculares, inclusive a eotaxina. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da exposição à fumaça do cigarro de tabaco na contagem de células imunorreativas a eotaxina-1 e eosinófilos na mucosa nasal de crianças e adolescentes com rinite alérgica perene. Método: Em um estudo transversal, 44 pacientes foram avaliados (entre sete e 19 anos): 22 com e 22 sem exposição à fumaça do cigarro de tabaco. Depois de responder a dois questionários validados, sobre asma e alergias na infância e sobre a gravidade dos sintomas nasais, as amostras de mucosa nasal foram obtidas por meio de raspagem do terço médio das conchas inferiores. Em seguida, as contagens de células imunorreativas para eotaxina-1 e eosinófilos foram avaliadas por imuno-histoquímica. Resultados: Os pacientes com exposição à fumaça do cigarro de tabaco apresentaram contagens de células mais elevadas tanto para eotaxina-1 como para eosinófilos em comparação com os pacientes sem exposição à fumaça, sem correlação entre as duas variáveis. No entanto, ambas as contagens, de eotaxina-1 e eosinófilos foram relacionadas com a razão cotinina/creatinina. Conclusões: A exposição à fumaça do cigarro de tabaco pode aumentar a eotaxina-1 e a contagem de eosinófilos na mucosa nasal de pacientes jovens com rinite alérgica perene.

A new approach to feed frequency studies and protein intake regulation in juvenile pirarucu

ABSTRACT This study aimed to investigate pirarucu's (Arapaima gigas) ability to trigger a self-feeding system to regulate protein intake between two standard diets that contained 39% and 49% of crude protein. The same system allowed the evaluation of daily feeding and locomotor activity rhythms. Eighteen fish (654.44±26.85g) were distributed into six 250 L tanks (3 fish/tank). Fish had free access to both diets (39% vs. 49% protein) by feeders (2 per tank), adapted to be activated by fish themselves. This system was connected to a computer system. After an adaptation period, fish learned to activate feeders and the mean food intake recorded was 2.14% of their body weight on a daily basis. Fish showed feeding (72.48%) and locomotor (72.49%) activity predominantly during the daytime, and daily variations of choice between diets, but fixed a protein intake feeding target at 44.53%. These results should be considered when discussing feeding behavior, feeding schedules and diet intake regulations.

Trayectoria de egresados de la Licenciatura en Enfermería en la Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza (2009-2011) / Career path of Bachelor in Nursing graduates from the Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza (2009-2011)

ResumenIntroducción: los estudios de egresados son una herramienta mediante la cual las instituciones educativas indagan acerca del impacto que su oferta educativa tiene en el mercado de trabajo. Con ello retroalimentan planes de estudios, programas educativos y programas de formación docente Objetivo: describir la trayectoria académica, laboral y profesional y la opinión sobre la formación profesional adquirida de los egresados de la carrera de Enfermería de la Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza.Metodología: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal con una muestra no probabilística intencional de 128 egresados que concluyeron sus estudios en 2009, 2010 y 2011. Las variables de estudio fueron: trayectoria académica, laboral, profesional y formación profesional adquirida. Todas se procesaron con estadística descriptiva. Para la recolección de la información se aplicó un cuestionario constituido por 50 reactivos, el cual fue validado por pares académicos.Resultados: el 44% de los egresados está titulado, el 77% tiene empleo y el 88% refiere que su trabajo coincide en gran medida con sus estudios de licenciatura.Conclusiones: un alto porcentaje de los egresados encuestados no está titulado; no obstante, la mayoría tiene trabajo relacionado con la enfermería y estimaron positivamente la formación profesional adquirida.

AbstractIntroduction: Studies of graduates are a tool by which educational institutions investigate the impact of their educational offer in the labor market. With their findings, these institutions feed back their syllabuses, their educational programs and their teacher training programs.Objective: To describe the academic, professional and career paths and the opinion on professional training obtained by graduates of the Nursing School of the Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza.Methods: A descriptive study was conducted with an intentional cross nonrandom sample of 128 graduates who completed their studies in 2009, 2010 and 2011. The study variables were: academic path, professional path, career path and accumulated professional experience. Data were processed with descriptive statistics. For data collection a questionnaire consisting of 50 items validated by academic peers was applied.Results: 44% of graduates are certified, 77% are unemployed and 88% report that their work is largely consistent with their undergraduate studies.Conclusions: A high percentage of graduates surveyed is not certified; however, most of them work in the nursing field and valued positively the acquired vocational training.

Expresión de E-cadherina y células de Langerhans en verruga vulgar y papiloma bucal / Expression of E-cadherin and Langerhans cells in verruca vulgaris and oral papilloma

Introducción: la verruga vulgar y el papiloma bucal son lesiones provocadas por el virus papiloma humano se pueden encontrar presentes en la mayoría de las superfi cies cutáneas y mucosas, su comportamiento biológico es benigno. Las proteínas de adhesión como la E-cadherina, se encargan de mantener la organización y morfología celular, disminuyen su expresión epitelial en ciertas lesiones potencialmente cancerizables, y favorecen la migración e invasión celular ocasionando posiblesmetástasis. Las células de Langerhans, son células presentadoras deantígeno que activan el sistema inmunológico para proteger al organismocontra patógenos o sustancias extrañas. Objetivo: Determinar el grado de expresión de E-cadherina y de células de Langerhans en verruga vulgar y papiloma bucal. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo, en el cual se incluyeron 16 bloques con tejido incluido en parafi na con diagnóstico de verruga vulgar, ycuatro diagnosticados como papiloma bucal, todos los casos fueron corroborados con la tinción de hematoxilina y eosina. La determinacióndel grado de expresión de las células de Langerhans y E-cadherina se realizó por medio de la técnica de inmunohistoquímica, la valoraciónse llevó a cabo de manera semicuantitativa, y se realizó estadísticadescriptiva. Resultados: La expresión de E-cadherina en verruga vulgar fue intensa tanto en cantidad como intensidad, mientras que en papiloma bucal fue moderada también en ambos casos; las células de Langerhans mostraron una inmunotinción moderada en las lesiones de verruga vulgar en intensidad y cantidad; en el caso de papiloma bucal esta inmunotinción en intensidad y cantidad fue leve. . Conclusiones:Los resultados mostraron que las proteínas de adhesión E-cadherinano pierden su expresión en la verruga vulgar y papiloma bucal, lo cualconfi rma su benignidad...

Introduction: verruca vulgaris and oral papilloma are lesions causedby the human papillomavirus. They can be found on most skin and mucosalsurfaces, and their biological behavior is benign. Adhesion proteinssuch as E-cadherins are responsible for maintaining cell morphologyand organization; they decrease the expression in certain potentiallycancerous epithelial lesions and promote cell migration and invasion,causing possible metastasis. Langerhans cells are antigen-presentingcells that activate the immune system to protect the body againstpathogens or foreign substances. Objective: To determine the degreeof expression of E-cadherin and Langerhans cells in verruca vulgarisand oral papilloma. Material and methods: We performed a descriptiveand retrospective study involving 16 paraffi n-embedded tissue blocksof diagnosed cases of verruca vulgaris and 4 paraffi n-embedded tissueblocks identifi ed as oral papilloma. The diagnosis was previouslyconfi rmed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The degree of expressionof Langerhans cells and E-Cadherin was determined by immunohistochemistry,while the evaluation was carried out semiquantitatively,with descriptive statistics being performed. Results: The expression ofE-cadherin in verruca vulgaris was strong in terms of both quantityand intensity, whereas in the case of oral papilloma it was moderatefor both. Langerhans cells showed moderate immunostaining for bothintensity and quantity in verruca vulgaris-type lesions, while for oralpapilloma, the immunostaining was also mild in both cases. Conclusions:The results suggest that the expression of E-cadherin adhesionproteins does not diminish in verruca vulgaris and oral papilloma,which confi rms their benignity...

Detection of apoptosis in pemphigus vulgaris by TUNEL technique

Abstract: Background: Pemphigus is part of a group of blistering diseases that affect the skin and mucous membranes. Based on its autoimmune origin, autoantibodies develop in pemphigus that are directed toward cell surface components of keratinocytes. However, some data cannot be explained, such as the lack of a relationship between autoantibody levels and the severity of clinical manifestations, treatment resistance, the presence of inflammatory infiltrates and the potential occurrence of apoptosis as determinants of vesicle formation. Objective: To examine the presence of apoptosis in pemphigus vulgaris by TUNEL technique. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we selected 15 paraffin-embedded tissues from subjects who were diagnosed with pemphigus vulgaris by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The samples were subjected to TUNEL assay and examined under an Olympus BX61 fluorescence microscope. Positivity was categorized dichotomously, and the statistical analysis was performed using the X2 test. Results: Positivity was observed in basal layer cells in 14 (93.3%) cases. In 13 (86.7%) of the positive cases, we noted espinosum and granular layers that formed the blister roof, and in 12 cases (80%), positive acantholytic cells were observed. Conclusions: TUNEL positivity was observed in pemphigus vulgaris, implicating apoptosis in the pathophysiology of this condition, which can help guide the development of apoptotic blockers as therapeutics.

Intraosseous myofibroma of the mandible: a case report / Miofibroma intraoseo mandibular: reporte de caso

The myofibroma is defined as a benign neoplasm formed by myoid contractile cells localized around the wall of thin blood vessels, it is a tumor that presents itself mostly in infancy although it may occur at any age and it is most common in head and neck; it is uncommon to be localized in the oral cavity and even less common if it is intraosseous. It may also be associated to miofibromatosis or present itself as a solitary lesion. The differential diagnosis depends on the localization and the radiographic characteristics; it would be very difficult to include, at first hand, myofibroma as an intraosseous lesion. Histopathologically, a neoplasm with a biphasic pattern formed by spindle cells in fascicles and bundles, spindle nucleus with eosinophilic cytoplasm inside a hyalinized stroma was found. In lesions of neoplasms of spindle cells histological studies should be supported by an immunohistochemical panel and show positive results to antibodies Actin, smooth muscle Actin and Vimentin.

El miofibroma es una neoplasia benigna compuesta por células mioides contráctiles localizadas alrededor de la pared de vasos sanguíneos delgados, es un tumor que se presenta sobre todo en la infancia aunque puede ocurrir a cualquier edad, tiene predilección en cabeza y cuello, sin embargo en cavidad oral es raro y aún más si es intraóseo, puede estar asociado a miofibromatosis o bien presentarse de manera solitaria. Los diagnósticos diferenciales dependen de la localización y de las características radiográficas y de primera instancia es muy difícil incluir al miofibroma entre las lesiones intraóseas. Histológicamente presenta patrón bifásico conformado por células fusiformes dispuestas en fascículos y haces así como núcleos fusiformes con citoplasma eosinófilo dentro de un estroma hialinizado. Es necesario recurrir al panel de inmunohistoquímica en neoplasias de células fusiformes, positivo a Acs Actina, Actina músculo liso y Vimentina. Reportamos el caso de una mujer de 45 años con un miofibroma en la mandíbula.

Transgénesis mediada por espermatozoides en la especie porcina: efecto de la presencia de ADN exógeno sobre la calidad seminal y evaluación de la producción in vivo de embriones transgénicos / Sperm mediated gene transfer in pigs: Effect of exogenous DNA presence in seminal quality and evaluation of in vivo transgenic embryo production

Una alternativa biotecnológica para la producción de animales transgénicos es la transgénesis mediada por espermatozoides (SMGT), basada en la habilidad de las células espermáticas de unir e interiorizar ADN exógeno. En este estudio se plantearon dos objetivos principales: 1) evaluar el efecto de la presencia de ADN exógeno sobre la calidad seminal y 2) evaluar la eficiencia en la producción de embriones transgénicos porcinos in vivo mediante inseminación intrauterina quirúrgica con espermatozoides incubados con el transgén. Para alcanzar estos objetivos, los espermatozoides (libres de plasma seminal) fueron incubados en presencia del transgén EGFP (proteína verde fluorescente) durante 2 h a 16°C (en una relación de 10(8) cels/mL y 5 µg ADN/mL). Se valoró la motilidad, motilidad progresiva e integridad de membrana de los espermatozoides incubados, en presencia o ausencia del transgén. Los resultados mostraron que la presencia del ADN no afectó a ninguno de los parámetros seminales estudiados. Con muestras seminales incubadas con el transgén se llevaron a cabo inseminaciones intrauterinas mediante laparotomía en 4 hembras prepúberes. A los 6-7 días tras la inseminación se recolectaron los embriones, para evaluar la tasa de fecundación y la expresión de la proteína verde fluorescente EGFP en los mismos. El número medio de cuerpos lúteos por cerda fue de 10,50 ± 2,90 con una tasa de recolección de 11,90%. Se recolectó un total de 5 embriones presentando todos ellos un estado normal de desarrollo y una alta calidad (dos de ellos presentaban más de 400 células por embrión). Cuando fue analizada la expresión mediante microscopia de fluorescencia, ninguno de ellos expresaba la proteína EGFP. Este resultado, bajo las condiciones experimentales del presente estudio, podría indicar que el transgén se una en su mayoría a espermatozoides con baja viabilidad por lo que la probabilidad de que los espermatozoides vivos unan el ADN y sean capaces de fecundar en comparación con espermatozoides sin el transgén es realmente baja.

An alternative technology for producing transgenic animals is sperm mediated gene transfer (SMGT), based on the ability of sperm cells to bind and internalize exogenous DNA. The aims of this work were: 1) evaluate the effects of the presence of exogenous DNA in the seminal quality and 2) evaluate the efficiency of transgenic embryos production by surgery artificial insemination using sperm mediated gene transfer technique. Fresh spermatozoa (removed seminal plasma) were incubated with DNA (EGFP) at 16°C for 2 h (10(8) cells/mL and 5 µg DNA/mL). At first motility, progressive motility and viability were evaluated in spermatozoa incubated with or without exogenous DNA. The results showed that the presence of the DNA did not affect any of the studied sperm parameters (motility, progressive motility and viability). On the other hand insemination was carried out in 4 gilts by laparotomy in utero tubaric junction. Six-seven days after insemination blastocysts were collected and fertilization rate and transgene expression were determined. The mean number of corpora lutea/gilt was 10.50 ± 2.90 with a mean recovery rate of 11.90%. After the surgery, a total of 5 embryos were recovered and the percentage of normally developed embryos was 100% and with a high quality (two of them had more than 400 cells). When the blastocysts recovered after 6-7 days post-insemination were analyzed by fluorescence microscopy, it was revealed that none of them expressed protein EGFP. These results show the possibility that exogenous DNA bound to the sperm with low viability and only a low percentage to viable sperm, so the probability that live sperm bind the DNA and are able to fertilize in comparison with live sperm without the transgene are really low.

Tratamiento de pérdidas óseas, pseudoartrosis, artrodesis y tumores óseos benignos con un xenoimplante mexicano (estudio clínico) / Bone loss treatment, pseudoarthrosis, arthrodesis and benign tumors using xenoimplant: clinical study

Objetivo: Se trataron pérdidas óseas, artrodesis, pseudoartrosis, tumores benignos y defectos óseos con un xenoimplante. Material y métodos: Se evaluó la eficacia del material mediante un estudio observacional y longitudinal en el Hospital Regional “General Ignacio Zaragoza” del ISSSTE. Resultados: Fueron considerados 52 pacientes, 28 masculinos y 24 femeninos, de los cuales a 28 se les practicó artrodesis, 16 fueron tratados por pseudoartrosis, tres presentaron tumores óseos benignos y cinco defectos óseos, a los cuales se les colocó el xenoimplante en el sitio y forma adecuada según el problema por tratar. El promedio de edad de los pacientes fue de 47.7 años, con un rango de nueve a 84 años. Se presentó consolidación ósea entre los tres y ocho meses después de la cirugía; el xenoimplante se integró totalmente en un periodo de tres a 18 meses dependiendo del tamaño de la patología y la región donde fue colocado. La consolidación ósea fue valorada radiográficamente de acuerdo con la clasificación de Montoya. Ningún paciente presentó signos clínicos de rechazo. Conclusiones: En México se han empleado xenoimplantes óseos de origen extranjero debido a la gran dependencia tecnológica del país. Por primera vez se utiliza un xenoimplante producido en el país y cuya patente es de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. El xenoimplante Nukbone® fue biocompatible y resultó adecuado para tratar patologías donde se requiere aporte óseo.

BACKGROUND: Bone loss as a result of arthrodesis, pseudarthrosis, benign tumors and bone defects was treated using a xenoimplant (Nukbone). METHODS: The effectiveness of the material was evaluated through a longitudinal and observational study at the Hospital Regional "General Ignacio Zaragoza" (HRGIZ) ISSSTE. The Mexican xenoimplant is a patent of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). RESULTS: Fifty two patients were considered regardless of age or gender. Of these patients, 28 were male and 24 female. Average age of the patients was 47.7 years (9-84 years). Twenty eight patients had arthrodesis, 16 were treated with pseudarthrosis, three patients had benign tumors and five patients presented bone defects, which were implanted with Nukbone at the site and was the correct treatment for the problem. The xenoimplant is fully integrated during a period of 3-18 months, depending on the size of the pathology and the region where it was placed. Fracture healing was evaluated radiographically according to the classification of Montoya. No patient had clinical signs of rejection. CONCLUSIONS: In Mexico, bony xenoimplants (osseous) have been used, all of foreign origin due to the high degree of technological dependence in this country. In this study we describe the use, for the first time, of a Mexican xenoimplant with a patent from the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). The Mexican xenoimplant is biocompatible and can be adapted to treat pathologies where bony (osseous) material is needed.

Production of pectinases by A. niger: influence of fermentation conditions

Response surface methodology was used for optimization of polygalacturonase (PG) and pectinesterase (PE) production in submerged fermentation by A.niger. A Central Composite Experimental Design was applied, consisting of 22 experiments, including eight central points. Variables studied were: fermentation time (24 to 120 h), pH (3.5 to 6.5) and initial concentration of pectin (5 to 20 g/l). Maximum PE production was 220 U/l, after 74 h of culture, in a medium containing 20 g/l of pectin (pH 6.5). The optimal conditions for PG production were pH: 4.1, 20 g/l of pectin and 94 h of fermentation with a maximum value of 1032 U/l. Under these conditions, the PE production was low (15 U/l). A liquid extract with high PG activity and low PE activity could be suitable to be used in food processing in order to reduce the production of methanol.

A metodologia de superfície de resposta foi utilizada para a otimização da produção de poligalacturonasa (PG) e pectinesterasa (PE), por A. niger em fermentação submergida. Foi aplicado um Desenho Experimental Composto Central abrangendo 22 experiências, incluindo oito pontos centrais. As variáveis estudadas foram: tempo de fermentação (24 a 120 h), pH (3.5 a 6.5) e concentração inicial de pectina (5 a 20 g/l). A produção máxima de PE foi de 220 U/l, após 74h de cultivo, 20 g/l de pectina e pH 6.5. As condições ótimas para a produção de PG foram pH 4.1, 20 g/l de pectina e 94 h de fermentação, com um valor máximo de 1032 U/l. Sob estas condições, a produção de PE foi baixa (15 U/l). Um extrato líquido com alta atividade PG e baixa atividade PE poderia ser conveniente para ser utilizado no processamento e alimentos, visando reduzir a produção de metanol.

Percepción de los estudiantes de enfermaría en cuanto al comportamiento de fumar en México / Perception of nursing students concerning smoking behavior in Mexico

El estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar el comportamiento de fumar y la percepción de los factores que influeyen en ese comportamiento, entre estudiantes del primer año de Licenciatura en enfermería. Fueron entrevistado 36 alumnos del primer año de graduación en enfermería. Siendo 18 (50%) fumadores, con edad media de 23,5 años; 75% del sexo femenino en cuanto al patron de consumo estos fuman de 2 a 6 cigarrillos al dia, empezaron a fumar en media con 15 años. En cuanto a la percepción de los alumnos, los fumadores se consideran más tímidos e inseguros que los no fumadores; 56% de éstos tienen un familiar fumador y perciben que estos tienen mayor riesgo de enfermar que los no fumadores. El grupo de amigos, el exceso de tarcas y trabajo son fuertes influenciadores. Concluimos que el asunto es de extrema importancia, campañas educativas de ámbito preventivo en todos los niveles educacionales deben ser desarrollados además de la inserción de este tema en los currículos...

O estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o comportamento do fumar e a percepção dos fatores que influenciam esse comportamento, entre estudantes de primeiro ano de graduação de enfermagem. Foram entrevistados 36 alunos do primeiro ano de graduação de enfermagem, sendo 18 (50%) fumantes, com idade média de 23,5 anos, 75% do sexo feminino, quanto ao padrão de consumo estes fumam de 2 a 6 cigarros ao dia, e começaram a fumar em média com 15 anos. Quanto a percepção dos alunos, os fumantes se consideram mais tímidos e inseguros que os não fumantes, 56% destes têm um familiar fumante e percebem que estes têm maior risco de adoecimento que os não fumantes. Os grupos de amigos e excesso de tarefas e trabalho são fortes influenciadores. Concluímos que o assunto é de extrema importância, campanhas educativas de âmbito preventivo em todos os níveis educacionais devem ser desenvolvidas, além da inserção desse tema nos currículos...

This study aimed at valuating the habit of smoking and the perception of factors, which influence such behavior among students in the first year of the under graduation nursing program of a Mexican university. All students (N=36) in the first year of the under graduation nursing program were interviewed. Eighteen (50%) were smokers aged, on average, 23.5 years old. Seventy five percent were females who smoked 2 to 6 cigarettes a day. They had started smoking at the mean age of 15. Regarding the students' perceptions, smokers considered themselves to be shier and more insecure than non-smokers, 56% of the surveyed population had a relative who was a smoker and perceived that such relative was more likely to become ill than non-smokers. The groups of friends, and excessive assignments and work strongly influenced the smoking behavior. It was concluded that the subject is of utmost importance, preventive educational campaigns in all levels schools must be developed in addition to including this theme in schools' curricula...