RESUMEN
Background: Pre-diabetes is a mounting health problem occurring worldwide. Microvascular complications are prone to occur during this stage. Early diagnosis and treatment delay progression to diabetes mellitus and microvascular complications. Aims and objectives of the study was to determine the prevalence of microalbuminuria, c-peptide and fundal changes in pre-diabetics.Methods: 125 pre-diabetic patients those who visited MGMCRI General Medicine OPD and admitted in wards were taken into the study after fulfilling the inclusion criteria and after obtaining written informed consent. All those study patient抯 urine and blood sample were sent for analysis of microalbuminuria and C-peptide respectively. Fundus was examined for retinopathic changes.Results: Among 125 prediabetic participants, prevalence of microalbuminuria was 12.8%, c-peptide levels was elevated in 46.4 %, but none of the study participants had fundal diabetic retinopathy changes.Conclusions: The microvascular complications like microalbuminuria starts in the pre-diabetic stage itself. Prevalence of increased c-peptide levels and microalbuminuria was more in individuals who had both IFG and IGT. Elevated C peptide level and microalbuminuria were found to appear much earlier than retinopathy in prediabetes. Hence its use can enhance for early diagnosis of prediabetes
RESUMEN
A four-year-old child presented with recent onset generalized tonic clonic seizures. She was operated for a suspected intracranial tuberculoma and was found to harbor an intra-parenchymal retained wooden foreign body with a chronic abscess. The foreign body had entered the brain parenchyma after a minor head injury, sustained three years earlier. She was asymptomatic for the intervening three years. The initial diagnosis was missed by several physicians. A retained wooden fragment via a transtemporal apparently closed head injury is an extremely rare event. The present study reveals the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges and stresses the importance of high degree of suspicion to diagnose retained intracranial foreign bodies and the need for early surgical exploration, to avoid chronic and potentially life threatening neurological complications.