Florística y fisonomía de un matorral xerófilo espinoso intervenido en Punta de Piedras, Municipio Miranda, Estado Zulia, Venezuela

Floristic and physiognomic characteristics of disturbed thorny xerophytic scrubland in Punta de Piedras, Miranda Municipality, Zulia State, Venezuela. We determined the floristic and physiognomic aspects of disturbed thorny xerophytic scrubland in Punta de Piedras, Miranda Municipality, Zulia State, Venezuela. Botanical sampling was done twice monthly (November 2005-June 2006), in both rainy and dry seasons, for a total of 16 samples. The sampling was done in 10 vegetation patches, in an average area of 718,2 ± 706,24 m², and adjacent graminoid floristic components were identified using three 400 m² (20 x 20 m) plots, divided into 4 subplots (20 x 5 m²) and in these, were delimited 12 subplots (1 x 1 m²). In addition, human paths were carried out in order to identify other species plant. Thorny xerophytic scrubland showed human disturbances e.g. periodic fires, solid wastes, roads and human settlements and coastal semiarid thorny scrubland characteristics, similar to another Venezuelan localities. Forty-five species, in 22 families were identified, and the Poaceae (6), Mimosaceae (4), Boraginaceae (3), Cactaceae (3), Caesalpinaceae (3), Euphorbiaceae (3) and Fabaceae (3) presented the highest number of species. Human disturbances probably favor the appearance of vegetation patches and secondary grassland formations. In the last, Aristida venesuelae, Aristida pittieri y Portulaca pilosa showed the highest relative abundances and frequencies values with a summatory of 49,38% and 46,86%, respectively, while in the patches there were observed two layer: an herbaceous layer (less than 1 m high) as well as a bush-tree layer (2.63 ± 1.37 m high), comprised mostly of Opuntia wentiana, Piptadenia flava and Jatropha gossypifolia with relative abundances of 32,82, 15,60 and 15,14 %, respectively. The thorny xerophytic scrubland in Punta de Piedras presents a low number of species; however, the physiognomic characteristics are similar to other undisturbed thorny xerophytic scrublands in Venezuela. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (1-2): 271-281. Epub 2009 June 30.

Se determinaron los aspectos florísticos y fisonómicos de un matorral xerófilo espinoso intervenido de Punta de Piedras, municipio Miranda, estado Zulia, Venezuela. Se realizaron dieciséis muestreos quincenales, entre noviembre 2005 y junio 2006, para la recolecta, identificación y conteo de las especies tanto en el periodo lluvioso como en el seco. Los muestreos se llevaron a cabo en 10 manchones de vegetación con un área promedio de 718 ± 706.24 m², en una formación graminiforme en la que se emplearon tres parcelas de 20 x 20 (400 m²), dividiéndose cada una de éstas en cuatro subparcelas de 20 x 5 (100 m²) y a su vez, dentro de ellas, se delimitaron 12 subparcelas de 1 x 1. (1 m²), y también se realizaron recorridos para el reconocimiento de otras especies de la zona. El matorral xerófilo espinoso mostró evidencias de intervención antropogénica como quemas periódicas, deposición de desechos sólidos, caminerías para el tránsito de las personas y asentamientos poblacionales en las zonas circunvecinas; y presentó una vegetación semiárida de espinar costero característica y comparable a la señalada para otras regiones del país. Se identificaron 45 especies agrupadas en 22 familias, entre las cuales destacaron: las Poaceae (6), Mimosaceae (4), Boraginaceae (3), Cactaceae (3) Caesalpinaceae (3), Euphorbiaceae (3) y Fabaceae (3). La intervención antropogénica parece generar la aparición de manchones de vegetación arbustiva y arbórea y de una formación graminiforme o pastizal. En esta última, Aristida venesuelae, Aristida pittieri y Portulaca pilosa presentaron los mayores valores de abundancia y frecuencia relativa cuya sumatoria corresponde a 49.38% y 46.86%, respectivamente; mientras que en los manchones se destacaron dos estratos: uno herbáceo menor a 1 m, y otro estrato arbustivo-arbóreo de bajo porte (2.63 ± 1.37 m de altura media), conformado principalmente por Opuntia wentiana, Piptadenia flava y Jatropha gossypifolia, especies que presentaron las mayores abundancias relativas de 32.82, 15.60 y 15.14%, respectivamente. El matorral xerófilo espinoso de Punta de Piedras presentó un bajo número de especies en comparación con otras comunidades xerófilas, no intervenidas, del país. Sin embargo, a pesar de la intervención antropogénica presente en esta comunidad, los manchones de vegetación mostraron rasgos fisonómicos análogos a los correspondientes a otras formaciones xerófilas espinosas no perturbadas de Venezuela.

Prevalencia del Síndrome de Agotamiento Profesional en médicos anestesiólogos de la ciudad de Mexicali / Prevalence of Burnout Syndrome among anesthesiologists in Mexicali

Objetivo: Obtener la prevalencia del Síndrome de Agotamiento Profesional en los médicos anestesiólogos de la ciudad de Mexicali, B.C. México. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio poblacional, transversal y descriptivo, mediante cuestionario autoadministrado de Maslach a 92 médicos anestesiólogos de la ciudad de Mexicali, B.C., durante los meses de octubre del 2001 a febrero del 2002. Análisis estadístico: Chi cuadrada para las variables categóricas. Resultados: Se encuestaron a 22 mujeres y 67 hombres ( n = 89 ) obteniendo prevalencia de 44% con síndrome de agotamiento profesional, de los cuales 17% presentó alto grado de agotamiento emocional, 10% presentó alto grado de despersonalización y el 12.3% presentó baja realización personal. Conclusiones: De lo reportado por otros autores hay diferencias con nuestro estudio, posiblemente por corresponder a otras especialidades. Sugerimos estudios similares en otras ciudades del país para obtener prevalencia en este grupo de médicos especialistas.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of Burnout syndrome among anesthesiologists in Mexicali, Mexico. Study design: We carried out a descriptive, cross sectional study. Burnout syndrome was measured using the Maslach Burnout Inventory Human Services Survey (MBIHSS). We administered the inventory to 92 anesthesiologists between October 2001 and February 2002. Statistical analysis included Chi square tests for categorical variables. Results: 89 questionnaires were returned, 22 females and 67 males. Burnout prevalence was 44% divided as follows: 17% reported high emotional exhaustion, 12.3% reported symptoms compatible with depersonalization, and 10% experienced a sense of low personal accomplishment. Conclusions: Our study differs slightly from the literature, although this may be attributed to the medical specialty we chose to survey. We suggest similar studies be carried out in other cities in Mexico to be able to have comparison groups.

Factores de riesgo organizacionales asociados al síndrome de Burnout en médicos anestesiólogos

resumen está disponible en el texto completo

Abstract: Introduction Burnout Syndrome is considered by the WHO as a worker's risk, that causes mental and physical deterioration (headaches, gastrointestinal illness, high blood pressure, muscular tension and chronic fatigue). This is a result of chronic stress and of the workplace environment, which today is cold, hostile, demanding, both economically and psychologically. People are becoming cynical, with negative feelings toward their patients and their professional roll; they feel emotional exhaustion. This occurs frequently in health workers who deal with people who are dependent. What is the cause of this syndrome that is damaging the community of the workers? It is due to many facts, such as organizations where there is work overload (workload is a dimension of organizational life, this means productivity. In their scramble for increased productivity, organizations push people beyond what they can sustain, making work more intense, demanding more time and becoming more complex; this is the major risk factor, in which is shown an uncorrelation between the people and their work); lack of control (of the capacity to set priorities in their own work, to select and to make decisions regarding resources that are central in the professional roll; politics of the organization that interfere with this capacity, reduce individual autonomy an involvement with work); lack of reward (lack of community harmony, lack of fairness and also value conflict); breakdown of community (the loss of harmony in the community is made evident by greater conflicts among people, less mutual support and respect, and a growing sense of isolation); absence of fairness (trust, openness and respect, are all three, elements of fairness essential to maintain a person's engagement with work. Their absence contributes directly to burnout); conflicting valúes (this occurs when there is no correlation between the sources of workplace and the personal values, in some cases work overload makes people work with no ethics, causing them conflict with their own values). This syndrome has three dimensions: Exhaustion. When people experience exhaustion, they feel overextresed, both emotionally and physically; they feel drained, unable to recover, they don't sleep enough, and lack of energy needed to face new projects. Exhaustion is the first reaction to the stress of job demands or major change. Cynicism. They take a distant attitude toward work and the people on the job. They minimise their involvement at work and even give up their ideals. In some way, this is a form of protecting themselves from exhaustion and disappointment, persons feel it's safer to be indifferent, especially when the future is uncertain. Such a negative attitude can seriously damage a person's well-being and capacity to work. Ineffectiveness. Persons feel a growing sense of inadequacy, every project seems overwhelming, they think everybody conspires against them, and whatever they do, seems to be trivial. They lose confidence in themselves, and at the same time, others lose confidence in them. They become vulnerable to family strangements, and to abandon social activities, they tend to remain alone. By this time they can incur in drug abuse, become mentaly insane, and in extreme cases, comit suicide. The measurement instrument for the diagnosis of Burnout Syndrome is Maslach Burnout Inventory, which allows to sample large populations under this condition; it was developed by Maslach in 1976, and a large number of studies have been developed by this time. Chronic stress could have important effects on the quality of family relationships and have a negative influence in anesthesiology performance as well. Because of this important problem that affects physical condition of illness, mental health and performance and quality of medical services, and also because there are no studies in the anesthesiologist environment, we performed this study to asses burnout among anesthesiologist in the city of Mexicali, Baja California. The object of this study was to determine and evaluate the organizational factors associated to burnout, because anesthesiologist performs at surgery rooms, where they have to manage chronic and sustained stress; moreover they get involved with patients, and are exposed to organizational factors. Burnout may affect mental health, and thus, the performance of the anesthesiologist practice, fact that even may put in serious risk the life of patients. Material and methods Control and cases study was performed, universe included all anesthesiologist in Mexicali City (n=92), excluding thoses that are not active in anesthesiologist practice, and who refused to respond the surveys. Cases group was constituted by anesthesiologists with burnout syndrome and control group was constitute by anesthesiologists without burnout. Sampling was obtained by Cochran's formula obtaining n=28 for each group. Independent variables were vicious organizational factors (work overload, lack of control, lack of reward, breakdown of community, absence of fairness, conflicting values). Dependent variable was Burnout Syndrome. Valídate instruments use were Maslach's Inventory for diagnosis of Burnout and a general sociodemographic inventory, for risk factors. Statistic analysis performed were descriptive analysis, proportion tests for two populations, Odds ratios, and Chi2, at the same time Logistic regression was performed, the statistic program use was BMDP and Epi Info 6. Results First of all, we estimated the prevalence of burnout, excluding three anesthesiologists that refused to answer the inventory test, of 89 persons analyzed we obtained 37 cases, that gives us a prevalance of 44%. The group case was constituted by 23 males and five females, control group by 19 males and 9 females (p>0.05). Mean age of case group was 43.7 years; control group 45.8 years. Civil state for cases group was 85.7% married, 7.1% divorced, 3.5% single, 3.5% not married couple, for control group 71.4% married, 14.3% single, 7.1% widows and 7.1% not married couple; working time for case group range from 24 years to two years, mean age 13.5 years, control group range from 28 years to two years, mean age 16.4 years. For no organizational factors, being married or divorced was a risk for burnout with OR 5.20, having children's was a risk for burnout with OR 33.2, and having more years at work was also significant for developing burnout with OR 1.17. For organizational factors, the two variables for risk for burnout were work overload with p = 0.003, and conflicting values with p = 0.034, the other factors were no significant. Discussion The most important findings of the present study, were that work overload is a factor risk for burnout, this agrees with literature reports, where it is said that work overload is the factor that most affects health workers. In relation to conflicting values it also agrees with Maslach's studies, where the author says that this occurs where there is no correlation between work demand and moral values. In most cases, work overload can lead people to act with no ethics in their work, this creating conflicts with their moral values. In this study conflicting values result in being an protecting factor, considering Maslach's publishing, this is a form that health workers assume to try to protect themselves against exhaustion and deception, thus adopting the form of cynicism. The sieges we can find in this study is the honesty in the answers of the persons, besides this is assume by the inventory, this exist. Another siege is the sample size, but this was affront by an statistic manner. It is so important to continue with new investigation lines, because as long as a medical doctor has good mental and physical health, he will be apt to give qualified attention to patients. At the same time is important that organizations recognize this health problem, so they can provide psychiatric intervention for those medical doctors who are affected by this syndrome, and try also to reestructure their organization in order to avoid this problems.