RESUMEN
Old world bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) is one of the serious pests of agricultural crops with more than 184 recorded hosts including cotton. In cotton, H. armigera usually causes yield losses up to 40% with 20-80% damage intensity. In the Indian context it has already developed resistance to most conventional classes of insecticide and its survival on Bt cotton also has been reported in some isolated places. Under such situation, application of semiochemicals can serve as an alternative management option. Among the semiochemicals, oviposition deterrent ones are known to be the most effective as they minimize the infestation at first line of attack by deterring the female moths and protecting the host from oviposition. However, before applying at field level, it is important to develop and standardize a bioassay method for evaluation of oviposition deterrent compounds under laboratory condition. Here, we report a suitable improved bioassay method for evaluation of effect of oviposition deterrents against H. armigera. The five days duration of bioassay method was finalized according to the peak activity of adult moth in terms of mating and fecundity. This investigation presents a method, for finding promising oviposition deterrent compound which will be helpful for researchers to identify the most potent molecule/compounds against H. Armigera
RESUMEN
Background: Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is one of the most frustrating and difficult areas in reproductive medicine because the aetiology is often unknown and there are only few evidence-based diagnostic and treatment strategies. Objective of this study was to compare the role of trans vaginal sonography with hysteroscopy in detection of uterine causes of abortions.Methods: This prospective cohort study was conducted in the department of obstetrics and gynaecology, Kasturba Hospital, Daryaganj, Delhi. The study was conducted from January 2016 to December 2016.Results: On transvaginal sonography majority of women i.e. 39(78%) patients had normal ultra-sonographic findings. 11(22%) showed various abnormal findings. Most commonly diagnosed abnormal finding on TVS was polyp, seen in 5(10%) patients. It was seen as a well-defined, uniformly hyperechoic mass within the endometrial cavity. normal hysteroscopic findings were seen in 27(54%) patients. Rest 23(46%) patients had abnormal uterine factors as diagnosed by hysteroscopy.Synechiae was detected in 9(18%) patients. It was the most common abnormality detected on hysteroscopy. Out of 9 patients who had synechiae, 2 had severe dense adhesions. In 6 patients, the adhesions were mild and flimsy. While minimal adhesions were noted in 1 patient, seen near the cornua.Conclusions: hysteroscopy is still the gold standard for diagnosis and most definitive procedure of choice if any kind of operative intervention is required.
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Backround: Although pulmonary tuberculosis(PTB) is the most common manifestation of tuberculosis, extra pulmonary tuberculosis(EPTB) has equal significance. Among the extra pulmonary manifestations, tubercular lymphadenitis (TBL) is the most common form. Objectives: To perform PCR on fine needle aspirates of lymphnode by using hupB gene as target. To compare the sensitivity and specificity of PCR with culture, cytology, serology and clinical response to therapy. Material & Methods: After processing the samples by Universal Sample Processing(USP) method,two step nested PCR was performed using two sets of primers(N1S1 & CTFR) of hupB gene. All patients were put on ATT and were followed up for two months. The response to therapy was considered as the gold standard in our study. Results: The PCR assay for hupB gene was positive in 85 patients. Of these, 82% patients showed infection with M. tuberculosis, 1% was positive for M. bovis and 2% showed co- infection with both M. tuberculosis and M. bovis. The PCR assay of hupB gene in our study showed a sensitivity of 87.4% and specificity of 66.7%. Conclusion: PCR assay for hup B gene is a rapid means of diagnosis of tubercular lymphadenitis.