Metabolite profiling and antidiabetic attributes of ultrasonicated leaf extracts of Conocarpus lancifolius

Objective: To profile the secondary metabolites and to evaluate the antidiabetic potential of hydroethanolic leaf extracts of Conocarpus lancifolius.Methods: The various hydroethanolic extracts o f Conocarpus lancifolius leaf were prepared by ultrasonication assisted freeze-drying. Total phenolic contents, flavonoid contents, antioxidant activity, α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitions of leaf extracts were determined. The metabolite profiling was accomplished by UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS analysis. The antidiabetic assessment of the most potent extract was carried out by measuring the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect in the high fat diet-fed diabetic albino mice. The blood glucose level, haemoglobin, total cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) were determined. Results: The 60％ ethanolic extract exhibited the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents of (349.39 ± 2.13) mg GAE/g dry extract and (116.95 ± 2.34) mg RE/g dry extracts, respectively, and the highest DPPH scavenging activity with an IC50 value of (32.87 ± 1.11) μg/mL. The IC50 values for α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitions were (38.64 ± 0.93) μg/mL and (44.80 ± 1.57) μg/mL, respectively. UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS analysis confirmed the presence of gallic acid, ellagic acid, corilagin, kaempherol-3-O-rutinoside, caffeic acid derivative, isorhamnetin and galloyl derivatives in the 60％ ethanolic extract. Plant extract at a dose of 450 mg/kg body weight reduced blood glucose level, total cholesterol, LDL and HDL, and increased haemoglobin in alloxan-induced diabetic mice, Conclusions: Conocarpus lancifolius leaves are proved as a good source of biologically functional metabolites and possess antidiabetic activity which may be further explored to treat diabetes.

Comparative bio-efficacy of nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) and Spinosad against American bollwormm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner)

ABSTRACT American bollworm (ABW), Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner), is considered as a major pest of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum, all over the globe. Due to its destructive feeding nature and continuous consumption of the same chemicals, it devolved resistant against many insecticides. Therefore, a combined application of bio- and synthetic-pesticide need to evaluate against this pest. The entomopathogenic viruses like nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV), a member of baculoviruses, can be the potential candidates for better control against ABW. The present study was conducted to assess the comparative efficacy of NPV and Spinosad 240SC (with the concentration of 250 mL · ha-1) against ABW in the controlled environment. The ABW was treated with different concentrations of NPV and Spinosad separately and in a combination of NPV with 0.1% Spinosad. The results revealed that highest concentrations showed highest mortality (95%) followed by 95%, 92%, 84%, 82% and 78% mortality at 1 × 109, 1 × 108, 1 × 107, 1 × 106 and 1 × 105 POBs, respectively. Spinosad when mixed in diet give 100% mortality at 0.8% followed by 50.87%, 42.10%, 29.82%, 26.31% and 22.80% mortality at 0.4%, 0.2%, 0.1%, 0.5% and 0.025% respectively. The results of this study revealed that microbial control of ABW through NPV is an effective tool. The repeated use of synthetic pesticides caused the resurgence of many insect pests, and this study results would provide useful insight to build a framework for future investigations for the management of many major insect pests.

Antimicrobial susceptibility of acinetobacter clinical isolates and emerging antibiogram trends for nosocomial infection management

Abstract: Introduction: The drug resistant Acinetobacter strains are important causes of nosocomial infections that are difficult to control and treat. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Acinetobacter strains isolated from different clinical specimens obtained from patients belonging to different age groups. METHODS: In total, 716 non-duplicate Acinetobacter isolates were collected from the infected patients admitted to tertiary-care hospitals at Lahore, Pakistan, over a period of 28 months. The Acinetobacter isolates were identified using API 20E, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed and interpreted according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. RESULTS: The isolation rate of Acinetobacter was high from the respiratory specimens, followed by wound samples. Antibiotic susceptibility analyses of the isolates revealed that the resistance to cefotaxime and ceftazidime was the most common, in 710 (99.2%) specimens each, followed by the resistance to gentamicin in 670 (93.6%) isolates, and to imipenem in 651 (90.9%) isolates. However, almost all isolates were susceptible to tigecycline, colistin, and polymyxin B. CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed the alarming trends of resistance of Acinetobacter strains isolated from clinical specimens to the various classes of antimicrobials. The improvement of microbiological techniques for earlier and more accurate identification of bacteria is necessary for the selection of appropriate treatments.

Management of typhoid perforation

To Compare Primary repair and Ileostomy in patients with Typhoid perforation in terms of Morbidity and mortality in Sir Ganga Raam Hospital. Observational Comparison Study. 15[th] March 08 to 15[th] June 2009 in department of Surgery, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital Lahore. All the patients presented in surgical Emergency with typhoid perforation of all age groups and of both genders. Resuscitation followed by exploratory laparatomy with appropriate surgical procedure was done. 24 patients with typhoid perforation were observed with mean age group of 32 years. Male to female ratio of 3:1. Surgical intervention done was primary repair of perforation [N=9], Resection Ileostomy [N=12] and resection anastamosis [N=3]. Morbidity in term of hospital stay is high in patients with serious peritoneal contamination and in most cases resection Ileostomy has to be undertaken

Comparative study of management of common bile duct stone, our experience of 20 patients at sir Ganga Ram hospital Lahore

To compare different methods of management of CBD stones at Sir Ganga Ram Hospital Lahore i.e ERCP with pappilotomy, Sphinterotomy or removal through Dormia's Basket and Open Cholecystectomy with choledochotomy. It was observational comparative Study. The adult patients having CBD stones. One years i.e. from 15[th] June 2008 to 15[th] June 2009. The mode of management of these patients for common bile duct stones was absorved. The out come and complications of both techniques were compared. Total 20 patients were included in the study. Out of them 12 were managed by open cholecystectomy and choledochotomy and the remaing 8 were treated by doing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticogram [ERCP]. The out come of both techniques were than compared. In our Hospital the majority of the patients of CBD stones are being managed by open technique i.e. open cholecystectomy and choledochotomy along with T-tube insertion, which is contrary to the approach of developed countries i.e. endoscopic and laproscopic approach