Diversity of culturable moderately halophilic bacteria producing extracellular hydrolytic enzymes from marine sediments / Diversidade de bactérias cultiváveis moderadamente halofílicas que produzem enzimas hidrolíticas extracelulares de sedimentos marinhos

A total of 114 moderately halophilic bacteria were isolated from marine sediment environments. The isolates are belonged to 23 species based on the 16S rRNA sequence analysis. 63, 52, 47, 57, 74, 15 and 4 isolates are able to produce protease, amylase, lipase, pectinase, pulluanase, xylanase, cellulase, respectively. Combined hydrolytic enzyme activity analysis show that 15 strains present 1 hydrolytic activity, 32 strains present 2 hydrolytic activities, 21 strains present 3 hydrolytic activities, 26 strains present 4 hydrolytic activities, 11 strains present 5 hydrolytic activities and 2 strains present 6 hydrolytic activities. Hydrolase activities are widely distributed in a variety of species. The highest rates for production of protease, amylase, lipase, pectinase, pullanase, xylanase and cellulase were observed in species of B. baekryungensis, Hallobacillus sp., B. pumilus, B. megaterium or P. chungwhensis, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. pumilus, B. baekryungensis, respectively. However, the higher activities of protease, pectinase and pulluanase are frequently produced by the species of Halomonas sp. B. amyloliquefaciens or P. chungwhensis, and Vibrio sp. respectively. This investigation show that the diversity of halophilic bacteria from marine sediments could serve as a potential source of hydrolytic enzymes for industrial applications. (AU)

Um total de 114 bactérias moderadamente halofílicas foram isoladas de ambientes de sedimentos marinhos. Os isolados pertencem a 23 espécies com base na análise da sequência 16S rRNA. 63, 52, 47, 57, 74, 15 e 4 isolados são capazes de produzir protease, amilase, lipase, pectinase, pululanase, xilanase, celulase, respectivamente. A análise da atividade enzimática hidrolítica combinada mostra que 15 cepas apresentam 1 atividade hidrolítica, 32 cepas apresentam 2 atividades hidrolíticas, 21 cepas apresentam 3 atividades hidrolíticas, 26 cepas apresentam 4 atividades hidrolíticas, 11 cepas apresentam 5 atividades hidrolíticas e 2 cepas apresentam 6 atividades hidrolíticas. Atividades de hidrolase são amplamente distribuídas em uma variedade de espécies. As maiores taxas de produção de protease, amilase, lipase, pectinase, pululanase, xilanase e celulase foram observadas em espécies de B. baekryungensis, Hallobacillus sp., B. pumilus, B. megaterium ou P. chungwhensis, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. pumilus, B. baekryungensis, respectivamente. No entanto, as atividades mais elevadas de protease, pectinase e pululanase são freqüentemente produzidas pelas espécies de Halomonas sp. B. amyloliquefaciens ou P. chungwhensis e Vibrio sp. respectivamente. Esta investigação mostra que a diversidade de bactérias halofílicas de sedimentos marinhos pode servir como uma fonte potencial de enzimas hidrolíticas para aplicações industriais. (AU)

Biomineralization processes of calcite induced by bacteria isolated from marine sediments

Biomineralization is a known natural phenomenon associated with a wide range of bacterial species. Bacterial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation by marine isolates was investigated in this study. Three genera of ureolytic bacteria, Sporosarcina sp., Bacillus sp. and Brevundimonas sp. were observed to precipitate calcium carbonate minerals. Of these species, Sporosarcina sp. dominated the cultured isolates. B. lentus CP28 generated higher urease activity and facilitated more efficient precipitation of calcium carbonate at 3.24 ± 0.25 × 10−4 mg/cell. X-ray diffraction indicated that the dominant calcium carbonate phase was calcite. Scanning electron microscopy showed that morphologies of the minerals were dominated by cubic, rhombic and polygonal plate-like crystals. The dynamic process of microbial calcium carbonate precipitation revealed that B. lentus CP28 precipitated calcite crystals through the enzymatic hydrolysis of urea, and that when ammonium ion concentrations reached 746 mM and the pH reached 9.6, that favored calcite precipitation at a higher level of 96 mg/L. The results of this research provide evidence that a variety of marine bacteria can induce calcium carbonate precipitation, and may influence the marine carbonate cycle in natural environments.

Microbiologically induced deterioration of concrete: a review

Microbiologically induced deterioration (MID) causes corrosion of concrete by producing acids (including organic and inorganic acids) that degrade concrete components and thus compromise the integrity of sewer pipelines and other structures, creating significant problems worldwide. Understanding of the fundamental corrosion process and the causal agents will help us develop an appropriate strategy to minimize the costs in repairs. This review presents how microorganisms induce the deterioration of concrete, including the organisms involved and their colonization and succession on concrete, the microbial deterioration mechanism, the approaches of studying MID and safeguards against concrete biodeterioration. In addition, the uninvestigated research area of MID is also proposed.

Microbial conversion of waste cooking oil into riboflavin by Ashbya gossypii / Conversão microbiana de óleo de cozinha recolhido em riboflavina por Ashbya gossypii

The conversion of waste cooking oil into riboflavin by Ashbya gossypii was investigated in this paper. The effect of initial pH and the original volume of added waste cooking oil in the medium were evaluated to optimize the fermentation efficiency. The results show that when the initial pH was adjusted to 6.5 and 40 g/L waste cooking oil was added in the medium, no residual waste cooking oil was observed and the riboflavin yield reached 4.78 g/L. During the fermentation process, pH, biomass, free amino nitrogen and reduced sugar were dynamically monitored to evaluate the efficient utilization of waste cooking oil for riboflavin yield. The results show that when pH was kept in the range of 6.5-6.8 during the fermentation process, the levels of free amino nitrogen and reduced sugar could be used more efficiently and the riboflavin yield increased to 6.76 g/L .

A conversão microbiana de óleo de cozinha recolhido em riboflavina por Ashbya gossypii foi investigada nesse estudo. O efeito inicial do pH e o volume original de óleo de cozinha recolhido foram avaliados para otimizar a eficiência de fermentação. Os resultados mostraram que quando o pH inicial foi ajustado para 6.5 e 0g/l de óleo de cozinha adicionado ao meio, nenhum óleo residual foi observado e a riboflavina pura atingiu 4.78g/L. Durante o processo de fermentação, pH, biomassa, amino nitrogênio livre e açúcar reduzido foram monitorados dinamicamente para avaliar a utilização eficiente do óleo de cozinha recolhido por riboflavina. Os resultados mostram que quando o pH é mantido numa amplitude de 6.5-6-8 durante o processo de fermentação, os níveis de amino nitrogênio livres e açúcar reduzido podem ser usados mais eficientemente e a riboflavina pura chega a 6.76 g/L.

Isolation and characterization of an Ashbya gossypii mutant for improved riboflavin production

The use of the filamentous fungus, Ashbya gossypii, to improve riboflavin production at an industrial scale is described in this paper. A riboflavin overproducing strain was isolated by ultraviolet irradiation. Ten minutes after spore suspensions of A. gossypii were irradiated by ultraviolet light, a survival rate of 5.5% spores was observed, with 10% of the surviving spores giving rise to riboflavin-overproducing mutants. At this time point, a stable mutant of the wild strain was isolated. Riboflavin production of the mutant was two fold higher than that of the wild strain in flask culture. When the mutant was growing on the optimized medium, maximum riboflavin production could reach 6.38 g/l. It has even greater promise to increase its riboflavin production through dynamic analysis of its growth phase parameters, and riboflavin production could reach 8.12 g/l with pH was adjusted to the range of 6.0-7.0 using KH2PO4 in the later growth phase. This mutant has the potential to be used for industrial scale riboflavin production.