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Polymorphism refers to the simultaneous and frequent existence of two or more discontinuous variants or genotypes or alleles in a biological population, also known as genetic polymorphisms or genes Polymorphism. This gene polymorphism may have a certain degree of influence on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the drug. The study of genomics plays an important role in realizing personalized, patient-oriented precision medicine treatment. Population model analysis is to use a modeling method to quantitatively describe the correlation and variability between pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters and individual characteristics and to quantify the impact of covariates. At present, this method has been widely used. This paper systematically introduces the application examples of using the population model approach to assess the effects of genetic polymorphisms on the drug PK/PD.
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Objective:To explore the feasibility of pharmacy trusteeship in Shanghai medical institutions to provide useful informa-tion for the reform of medicine without added profit and pharmacy transition to clinical pharmacy. Methods: On-site investigation of seven hospitals and one famous drug retail company in Shanghai was performed combined with the communication with relative person-nel and non-random sampling questionnaire survey on the staff of pharmacy. Statwing software was used in the statistical analysis of the data. Results: A total of 93 valid questionnaires in the study were taken back. Although one hospital has achieved great progress in pharmacy trusteeship, most of respondents had negative attitudes and the common thought was that pharmacy trusteeship did more harm than good to the development of clinical pharmacy at present. Conclusion: As a consequence of drug zero interest policy and clinical pharmacy development, pharmacy trusteeship should be explored and attempted. The duties and responsibilities of all parts in pharma-cy trusteeship should be definite in law in order to standardize drug retail market and protect the interests of patient.
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Objective To study the genotypes of human papillomavirus (HPV)infection in female anus and anal canal condylo-ma acuminata(CA)tissues and their clinical significance.Methods 23 kinds of HPV-DNA were extracted from the paraffin-embed-ded anus and anal canal tissue samples in 140 cases of female CA and detected by using PCR combined with the gene-chips tech-nique.Furthermore the related clinical pathological data of the patients were analyzed.Results Among 140 female anus and anal ca-nal CA tissue samples,103 cases were HPV positive and the total HPV infection rate was 73.57%(103/140).Among them,68 ca-ses were single type HPV infection,the positive detection rate was 48.57%(68/140)and 35 cases were multiple types HPV infec-tion,the positive detection rate was 25.00% (35/140).In single type HPV infection,34 cases were HPV11 and the positive detec-tion rate was 24.29% (34/140),HPV11 was the main infection type,followed by HPV 6 in 27 cases,its positive detection rate was 19.29%(27/140).In the multiple types HPV infection,13 cases were HPV 6 + 11,accounting for 37.14% (13/35 )of multiple types infection,followed by HPV11 +18 in 3 cases and HPV 6+11+16 in 3 cases,each accounting for 8.57%(3/35)of the multi-ple types infection.Conclusion HPV 6,11 ,6+11,11 +18 and 6+11+16 are the main infection genotypes in female anus and anal canal CA.PCR combined with the gene-chips technique is a diagnostic method more suitable for clinical development of HPV geno-typing detection,which has high sensitivity and good specificity and is especially suitable for the molecular epidemiology study of HPV infection.
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OBJECTIVE:To investigate the cognition of clinical pharmacists on the clinical pharmacy practice and their profes-sion,and provide reference for further developing clinical pharmacy practice. METHODS:A questionnaire was designed,and ran-dom sample was conducted for the clinical pharmacists from 30 secondary and tertiary hospitals in Shanghai,and the investigation results were analyzed statistically. RESULTS:Totally 130 questionnaires were sent out,and 102 were effectively received with valid response rate of 78.46%. 94.11% of the investigated subjects were willing to be a clinical pharmacist,but 17.65% of them consid-ered that they were incompetent for their work;29.41% of them thought the current situation of clinical pharmacy practice was not ideal;all the respondents considered that the clinical pharmacist system should be implemented in medical and health institu-tions;the cognition and evaluation of investigated subjects in tertiary hospitals on clinical pharmacy practice and their profession was generally higher than those in secondary hospitals(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:The clinical pharmacists in medical and health institutions in Shanghai showed high cognition on their profession,and the clinical pharmacy practice has already made some achievements,but many work still need to be improved. Therefore,clinical pharmacists should continuously study their profession-al knowledge and improve their professional skills and quality;hospitals and universities should strengthen the subject construction and personnel training of clinical pharmacy and deeply carry out the clinical pharmacist system;health administration departments should strengthen the related laws and regulations of clinical pharmacy;colleges and universities should strengthen the discipline construction and personnel training.
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Purpose To compare the distribution of 23 kinds of human papillomavirus ( HPV) genotypes in tissues of condyloma acu-minata ( CA) of cervix in 120 women and its clinical significance. Methods Polymerase chain reaction ( PCR) and gene-chips tech-nology were utilized for the detection of 23 kinds of HPV genotypes in tissue specimens from 120 cases of CA in cervix and related ma-terials of all subjects were conducted and analyzed. Results There were 115 positive cases in 120 women with CA in cervix and the rate of total HPV infection was 95. 83% (115/120). The rate of single type was 70. 83% (85/120) and multiple types was 25. 00%(30/120). The predominant type of single infection was HPV11 and the infective rate was 45. 00% (54/120), followed by HPV6 (22. 50%, 27/120). Otherwise, the predominant type of multiple infections was HPV6+11 with the infective rate of 20. 00% (6/30), and HPV11+16 infection accounted for 10. 00% (3/30). Conclusions HPV11, 6, 6+11 and 11+16 are the main genotypes in the pathogenesis of CA in cervix in 120 women. PCR and gene-chip technology can detect single and multiple HPV genotyping in tis-sues of CA in cervix with high sensitivity and specificity. Detection of HPV genotypes could be used to understand the prevalence situa-tion of HPV infection in tissues of CA and tumors of cervix and further to provide references for the research and development of HPV vaccine in women.
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Objective To investigate the distribution of 39 kinds of human papillomavirus(HPV)infection genotypes in female cervical cells and its clinical significance.Methods 39 types of HPV DNA were extracted from 434 samples of female cervical cells. The gene amplification combined with the gene chip technique was adopted to detect 39 kinds of HPV genotype.And the clinical da-ta of the patients were analyzed.Results Among 434 samples of female cervical cell,175 cases were HPV positive,the total HPV infection rate was 40.32%(175/434).Among them,105 cases were the single type HPV infection with the positive detection rate of 24.19%(105/434)and 70 cases were the multiple types HPV infection with the positive detection rate of 16.13%(70/434).Among single type HPV infection,31 cases were the HPV18 infection with the positive detection rate of 17.71%(31/175),which was the main HPV infection type;followed by HPV16 in 12 cases with the positive detection rate of 6.86%(12/175)and HPV52 in 11 cases with the positive detection rate of 6.29%(11/175).Among the multi-type HPV infection,each 2 cases were HPV 6+54,HPV 18+52,HPV 51+68 infection respectively,each accounted for 2.86% of the multi-type HPV infection,which were the main infection types.Conclusion HPV 16,18,52 and HPV 6+54,HPV 18 +52 and HPV 51 +68 are the main HPV infection genotypes of fe-male cervical cells.The gene amplification combined with the gene chips technique is a method suitable for clinically conducting the HPV genotyping diagnosis and the molecular epidemiologic research of HPV infection.Along with the increase of detected HPV genotypes,the HPV infection rate is also increased,its genotypes combinations trend towards diversification.
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Objective To compare the application and clinical significance of the liquid based cytology examination and the DNA quantitative analysis in female cervical lesions.Methods The cervical cell samples were collected from 879 women participating in the comparison by the cervical brush and performed the the liquid-based thin layer section preparation for conducting Papanicolaou staining and DNA staining respectively.The liquid based cytology examination was performed on the Papanicolaou staining section and the fully automatic scanning diagnosis was performed on the DNA staining section.Results The cases of above atypical squa-mous cells of undetermined significance(ASCUS)detected by the liquid based cytology examination and the partial cases of hetero-ploid cell detected by the fully automated DNA ploidy analysis system were recommended to further perform colposcopy and cervi-cal biopsy.28 women were performed the pathological biopsy.With the cytological examination result as the standard,the detection rate of above ASCUS cervical lesions detected by the cellular DNA quantitative analysis was calculated.Conclusion The combined application of the cellular DNA quantitative analysis method and the liquid based cytology examination can obviously increase the positive detection rate of cervical cancer and precancerous lesion,which has important significance for the prevention and treatment of female cervical cancer in our country.
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Objective To compare the distribution situation of human papillomavirus(HPV)infective genotypes in normal cells and atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance(ASC-US)in uterine cervix and its clinical significance.Methods The pol-ymerase chain reaction(PCR)combined with the gene-chips technology were adopted to detect 23 kinds of HPV genotype from 1 000 cases of normal cells specimens and 229 cases of ASC-US specimens.Results 106 cases of HPV-positive infection were de-tected from 1 000 cases of normal cells with the total HPV infection rate of 10.60%(106/1 000),in which the single genotype in-fection rate was 9.30%(93/1 000)and the multiple genotypes infection rate was 1.30%(13/1 000);116 cases of HPV-positive in-fection were detected from 229 cases of cervial ASC-US specimens with the total HPV positive rate was 50.66% (116/229 ),in which the single genotype infection rate was 34.06%(78/229)and the multiple genotypes infection rate was 16.59%(38/229).The total HPV positive rates,single and multiple genotype infection had statistically significantly differences between the two groups(P<0.05).Conclusion The HPV types 16,18,33,42,43,52,58 are the predominant genotypes in normal cervical cells and ASC-US. PCR combined with the gene-chip technology can be used in the HPV genotype detect in cervical cells,conduces to perform the fur-ther distribution management on ASC-US and has the important significance to prevention and control of cervical cancer.
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Objective To compare the genotype distribution of HPV in cervical cells of natural crowd and tissues of cervical in‐traepithelial neoplasia(CINⅢ grade) and cervical carcinomas patients .Methods PCR and gene‐chip technology were utilized for the genotype detection of 23 kinds of HPV in cell specimens from 1 047 women of natural crowd (normal group) and tissue specimens from 173 cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia(precancerosis group) and 133 cases of patients with cervical carcinoma (cervical carcinoma group) .Results There were 109 ,159 and 121 cases of HPV positive specimens respectively in normal group ,precancer‐osis group and cervical carcinoma group ,and the HPV infection rates were 10 .41% (109/1 047) ,91 .91% (159/173) and 90 .98%(121/133) ,respectively .Conclusion PCR and gene‐chip technology can be used to detect HPV genotypes in cervical cells and cer‐vical tissues specimens .
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Population pharmacokinetics(PPK),which is based on the principle of statistics,can be used to estimate various inter- and intra-individual factors which affect pharmacokinetics.By using Bayesian estimator,PPK can predict individual pharmacokinetic parameters accurately.PPK is widely used in the immunosuppressive therapy with cyclosporine,tacrolimus,mycophenolic acid and sirolimus.
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Objective: To study the correlation among genetic polymorphism of glutathione S-transferases (GST) T1, M1 and serum creatinine levels,as well as intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels in the end stage of renal disease(ESRD). Methods: 118 blood samples of ESRD and 133 of healthy control had been enrolled, and simultaneously the patients' serum creatinine (SCr), blood uria nitrogen (BUN), serum calcium and serum phosphorus were recorded. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) had been employed to determine the genotypes of GST and immunoradiometric assay was used to determine PTH levels. Results: The distribution frequencies of dual null GST T1 and M1(A), null GST T1 and functional M1 (B), functional T1 and null GST M1(C) and dual functional GST T1 and M1(D) were 16.9%, 11.0%, 44.9%, 27.1% in ESRD and 14.4%, 10.8%, 46.7%, 28.1% in the healthy control, respectively. There was no difference between the two groups (P=0.945); Mean SCr levels of A was higher than that of B (P=0.047) and C (P=0.007) group in ESRD. Conclusion: Distributions of GST Genotypes had no difference among ESRD and healthy control groups; SCr level of dual null GST T1 and M1 (A) was higher than single null GST (B and C) in ESRD. GST may played some roles in metabolism of poisons and protecting cells from the attack of toxic substances.
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Aim To establish a new simple, easy and economical PCR method for determining cyp2d6~*10 allele and studying its distributive frequencies in Chinese population. Methods The new PCR are established and compared with the classical PCR-RFLP. The 224 samples have been determined with the new PCR.Results the results of the two methods go on the way. The allele distribution frequencies of cyp2d6~*10 resembles the reports. Conclusion the new method is proved to be accurate and convenient. It provides a genetics basis for the drug therapy with individuals in clinics.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>To study the relationship between serum levels of hyaluronic acid (HA), type III procollagen (PCIII), laminin (LN), type IV collagen (IV-C) and hepatic fibrosis and to determine their value in clinical practice.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>2600 serum samples from chronic hepatitis patients were assayed for fibrosis indexes including HA, PCIII, LN and IV-C with RIA. Liver biopsy was performed in 280 of those patients and the biopsy material was examined histopathologically. The inflammation grade of the liver, stage of fibrosis and degree of chronic hepatitis were recorded and were compared with fibrotic indexes.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among 2600 chronic hepatitis patients, every fibrotic index had a significant correlation with the inflammation grade, fibrosis staging and the degree of chronic hepatitis (P < 0.01). The coefficient correlation of the results of histopathological examinations to HA was 0.544, 0.548 and 0.468 respectively, that to PCIII, 0.495, 0.424 and 0.335, that to LN, 0.214, 0.204 and 0.184, and that to IV-C, 0.406, 0.404 and 0.412, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Serum fibrosis indexes are fairly well correlated with the inflammation grade of the liver, fibrosis staging and the degree of chronic hepatitis. However, as diagnostic markers, they should be considered in combination with liver function tests, ultrasonography and clinical manifestations.</p>
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Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Colágeno Tipo III , Sangre , Colágeno Tipo IV , Sangre , Hepatitis Crónica , Sangre , Diagnóstico , Ácido Hialurónico , Sangre , Laminina , Sangre , Cirrosis Hepática , Sangre , Diagnóstico , Procolágeno , Sangre , PronósticoRESUMEN
The secondary hyperparathyroidism is one of the complications of chronic renal failure (CRF) and end stage renal failure (ESRD), and becomes more serious with the development of the primary disease. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is considered as one of the biomarks of the development of renal failure. The purpose of this article will expound the physiological effects of the PTH, the causes and clinical significances of PTH rising in CRF and ESRD patients, the determination of PTH level, and the relationships between the increase of PTH and the polymorphism of CYP2D6, GSTT1,GSTM1.
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Objective To investigate the role of Fas antigen,Fas ligand(FasL)and soluble Fas(sFas)in the pathogenesis of vitiligo.Methods The expression of Fas and FasL on peripheral blood lym-phocyte(PBLC)was detected by flow cytometry.Serum sFas was quantitated using a dual antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay(ELISA).Results The expression of Fas and FasL was significantly de-creased in patients with vitiligo vulgaris(43.45%and58.40%)than those in normal controls(58.30%and64.65%)(P
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the role of the synthesis and degradation of collagen at the transcription level during liver fibrogenesis due to schistosomiasis japonica in rabbits.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>New Zealand rabbits challenged by cercariae of Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum) were served as animal models for liver fibrosis. Liver specimens were collected through operations at 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 24 and 28 wks after challenge. Type I collagen, type III collagen, type IV collagen, MMP-1 and MMP-9 mRNA levels of liver tissue were detected by RT-PCR + Dot blot. The size of egg granulomas and the degree of liver fibrosis were measured by histopathological examinations.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Type I collagen, type III collagen, type IV collagen, MMP-1 and MMP-9 mRNA levels increased simultaneously in the early stage after challenge. Most of them reached their peak at 10 weeks, and compared with normal controls, type I collagen, type III collagen, type IV collagen, MMP-1 and MMP-9 mRNA levels increased by 12.0-, 11.0-, 6.6-, 10.0- and 11.0-fold, respectively, coinciding with the change of egg granulomas, i.e., the change in the inflammatory process. Then both collagen and collagenase mRNA levels decreased. Type I, III and IV collagen mRNA levels declined to 2-fold to 3-fold as compared with normal controls (P < 0.05), while MMP-1 and MMP-9 mRNA levels declined close to normal levels (P > 0.05) at 28 wks. This study shows that the synthesis and degradation of collagen keep a dynamic balance at the early stage of schistosomiasis japonica challenge, while at the later stages the quantity of collagen synthesis was higher than that of collagen degradation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>It was confirmed at transcription level that when the quantity of collagen synthesis was higher than that of collagen degradation liver fibrogenesis may be resulted in.</p>
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Animales , Conejos , Colágeno , Metabolismo , Cirrosis Hepática Experimental , Metabolismo , Metaloproteinasa 1 de la Matriz , Genética , Metaloproteinasa 9 de la Matriz , Genética , ARN Mensajero , Esquistosomiasis Japónica , Metabolismo , Transcripción GenéticaRESUMEN
AIM To establish an allele specific PCR amplification (ASA-PCR) for determination of the genotype of CYP2D6*10B polymorphism in Chinese subjects. METHODS CYP2D6*10B alleles of 65 healthy Chinese subjects were analyzed by a two-step PCR assay and the correlation of genotype and phenotype was studied. RESULTS There were 20 CYP2D6*10B heterozygous genotypes subjects (wt/m) in 35 very extensive metabolizers (VEMs), which consisted the major part of VEM subjects (57%). Meanwhile, 20 subjects consisting 69% of 29 intermediate metabolizers were CYP2D6*10B homozygous mutant genotypes (m/m). The poor metabolizer was also m/m. The metabolic ratio of CYP2D6*10B m/m subjects were larger than wt/m and wild type, the values were -1.49±0.54, -2.20±0.49 and -2.47±0.61 (P<0.01). CONCLUSION PCR-ASA was shown to be a rapid and specific method. It can be used to study the genetic polymorphism, especially CYP2D6 intermediate metabolism.
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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the antibiotic use in Shanghai Second and Third Class Hospitals. METHODS: The use of antibiotics in outpatients and inpatients in 10 third class hospitals and 13 second class hospitals were analyzed statistically in respect of consumption sum, order of varieties. RESULTS: The proportion of antibiotic use in Shanghai second and third class hospitals showed a different degree of decrease. However, in terms of the number of prescriptions and consumption sum, the proportions of antibiotics used in outpatient department were significantly higher in second class hospitals than in third class hospitals. The proportion of antibiotic use in inpatients (both non-surgery and surgery ones) were still on the high side, most had a postoperative antibiotic using coure of 3 to 7 days. CONCLUSION: The proportion and duration of antibiotic use should be strictly under control to ensure safe, effective and economical use of antibiotics.
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OBJECTIVE:To promote effective development of services in the intravenous drugs allocation centre and to bring the pharmacists'function into full play in the hospital pharmacy.METHODS:Information concerning services in the intravenous drugs allocation centre of our hospital and experiences from which was introduced,some problems and difficulties in the pharmacy services were analyzed.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:The centralized allocation and management of intra-venous drugs have ensured the safety and effectiveness of the clinical intravenous drug use and which have become the essential part of the pharmaceutical care with a core of rational drug use.
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Objective To investigate the clinical significance of quantitation of TGF-?1 mRNA of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) in type 2 diabetic patients at different stages of nephropathy (DN). Methods TGF-?1 mRNA transcription in PBMC was analyzed quantitatively by RT-PCR and dot blot in 93 cases of type 2 diabetic patients and 35 normal controls. Correlation of TGF-?1 mRNA in PBMC with 24 hours urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) was also analysed. Results TGF-?1 mRNA level of PBMC in type 2 diabetic patients was significantly higher than that in normal controls (1.56?1.00 vs 1.03?0.25, P