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Microspheres made of poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) have been frequently proposed as drug delivery systems.A very significant challenge in the development of controlled PLGA releasing systems is the instability of drugs especially therapeutic peptides and proteins.Additional approaches,particularly the use of additives,are needed to optimize PLGA delivery of drugs.This article reviews the effects of additives,especially the effects of stabilizing protein during the preparation of PLGA microsphere and the sustained drug releasing processes.
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ObjectiveTo analyze the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in DISC1 gene.MethodsThe studied sample consisted of 528 patients with schizophrenia (264 males and 264 females) and 528 healthy controls (264 males and 264 females).Two function SNPs were selected and gcnotyped by Illumina Golden Gate assay.Genotype and allele frequencies were compared between patients and controls to assess the association to schizophrenia.The clinical features of the hospital first patients were further examined with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) before trcatment with antipsychotics.ResultsTwo SNPs were genotyped in subjects.A significant association was found between rs3737597 and schizophrenia in genotype (387:133:8,350:164:14) and allele frequencies (907:149,864:192,P＜0.05 ).Moreover,the haplotypes,A-A constructed from two SNPs showed significant differences between cases and controls ( P＜ 0.05).For rs821616,there were significant difference in positive syndrome score,delusions and poor rapport between patients with genotypes AA or not.ConclusionThis study describes a positive association between DISC(1) and schizophrenia in the Han Chinese population and DISC1 is the susceptible gene in schiz ophrenia.
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Objective To explore the imaging characteristics and the diagnostic value of primary ureter cancer.Methods 24 cases of primary ureter carcinoma underwent ultrasound(US), intravenous pyelography(IVP),retrograde pyelography and CT scan.Those imaging features were analyzed retrospectively.Results The postive rate of US,IVP,retrograde pyelography and CT was 45.8%(11/24),37.5%(9/24),88.8%(16/18)and 62.5%(10/16).Conclusion Ultrasound(US) is a more value examination for making the choice of cases; IVP is an essential method for understood function of the kidneys, showing carcinoma; retrograde pyelography is most value in the diagnosis of primary ureter carcinoma;CT scan is more important diagnostic values in area,properties and extent of tumor.