Role of innate immunity in the pathogenesis of ventilation-induced lung injury / 中华危重病急救医学

For patients receiving mechanical ventilation, mechanical ventilation is also an injury factor at the same time of treatment, which can lead to or aggravate lung injury, that is, ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). The typical feature of VILI is that the mechanical stress is transmitted to cells through the pathway, leading to uncontrollable inflammatory cascade reaction, which causes the activation of inflammatory cells in the lung and the release of a large number of cytokines and inflammatory mediators. Among them, innate immunity is also involved in the occurrence and development of VILI. A large number of studies have shown that damaged lung tissue in VILI can regulate inflammatory response by releasing a large number of damage associated molecular pattern (DAMP). Pattern recognition receptor (PRR) participates in the activation of immune response by combining with DAMP, and releases a large number of inflammatory mediators to promote the occurrence and development of VILI. Recent studies have shown that inhibition of DAMP/PRR signaling pathway can play a protective role in VILI. Therefore, this article will mainly discuss the potential role of blocking DAMP/PRR signal pathway in VILI, and provide new ideas for the treatment of VILI.

Research progress on mechanism of biotrauma caused by ventilation-induced lung injury / 中华危重病急救医学

Mechanical ventilation is an advanced life support treatment for patients with acute respiratory failure. While stabilizing respiratory function, it also acts as an injury factor to exacerbate or lead to lung injury, that is, ventilation-induced lung injury (VILI). There may be a more subtle form of damage to VILI known as "biotrauma". However, the mechanism of biotrauma in VILI is still unclear. This article intends to review the mechanism of biotrauma of VILI from the aspects of inflammatory response, oxidative stress and complement activation, in order to provide a new strategy for clinical prevention and treatment of biotrauma caused by VILI.

Developing the Symptoms and Functional Impairment Rating Scale: A Multi-Dimensional ADHD Scale

OBJECTIVE: This research developed a practical, multi-dimensional attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) rating scale (i.e., the Symptoms and Functional Impairment Rating Scale, SFIRS) for Chinese children, aged 6–12 years, with ADHD. METHODS: The structural validity, criterion validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability of the scale were evaluated. Item screening was conducted with 412 ADHD patients and 322 developmentally typical controls. RESULTS: The scale includes 44 items, divided among Hyperactivity-Impulsivity, Self-Control, Inattention, Self-Management, Academic Performance, and Social Interaction. The six-factor model showed good data fit, with each factor significantly correlated with its corresponding criterion (r=0.690–0.841). The Cronbach's α of the full scale was 0.976. Total score test-retest reliability was r=0.816 (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The SFIRS thus demonstrated good reliability and validity and may be used to assess ADHD among children aged 6–12 years in China.

Simultaneous Determination of Five Vitamins in Complex Vitamin B Tablets by HPLC / 中国药师

Objective:To develop an HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of vitamin B 1(thiamine), vitamin B2(ribo-flavin), vitamin B3(niacinamide), vitamin B5(pantothenic acid) and vitamin B6(pyridoxine) in complex vitamin B tablets.Meth-ods:An Alltima C18 column (250 mm ×4.6 mm, 5μm) was used for the separation , and 50 mmol· L-1 ammonium dihydrogen phos-phate ( adjusting pH to 3.0 with H3 PO4 ) and acetonitrile were used as the mobile phase with gradient elution at the flow rate of 0.5 ml · min-1 .The detection wavelength was set at 275 nm for vitamin B1 , vitamin B2 , vitamin B3 and vitamin B6 , and 210 nm for vitamin B5 .The column temperature was 30℃and the injection volume was 5μl.Results:The linear range of vitamin B 1 , B2 , B3 , B5 and B6 was 39.48-197.40, 40.16-200.80, 39.36-196.80, 38.80-194.00 and 41.76-208.80 μg · ml-1(r≥0.9999).The average recov-ery was 98.70％, 99.91％, 99.04％, 99.63％and 98.75％, and the RSDs were 0.40％, 0.27％, 0.40％, 0.92％ and 0.39％(n =9), respectively.Conclusion:The established method is accurate , simple and rapid, and can be utilized for the simultaneous determination of vitamin B 1 , B2 , B3 , B5 and B6 in complex vitamin B tablets .

Combination of resting-state and dynamic functional connectivity in evaluation of amygdala in subjects with internet gaming disorder / 中国医学影像技术

Objective To explore the altered functional connectivity of the amygdala in adolescents with internet gaming disorder (IGD) using resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) and dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) analysis.Methods Thirty adolescents with IGD (IGD group) and 30 demographically matched healthy controls (HC group) were recruited.The right and left amygdala were selected as seed regions,the rsFC and dFC between 2 groups were calculated.The regions showing altered connectivity in IGD were adopted as ROIs for correlation analysis.Results Compared to HC group,IGD group had higher rsFC with the right amygdala over the right inferior temporal,middle temporal gyrus,middle frontal gyrus,lower rsFC with the right amygdala over the left inferior temporal,superior temporal and the right inferior occipital gyrus,superior occipital gyrus.The IGD group had lower rsFC with the left amygdala over the right rectal gyrus and thalamus.Compared to HC group,the IGD group showed higher dFC variance with the left amygdala over the right middle temporal and the left media frontal gyrus,and lower dFC variance over the right precuneus,inferior parietal lobe,posterior cingulate and the left postcentral gyrus.The IGD group showed higher dFC variance with the right amygdala over right middle frontal gyrus and lower dFC variance with the right amygdala over the right middle temporal,the left media frontal gyrus and paracingulate cortex,inferior parietal lobe.The rsFC between the left amygdala and right rectal gyrus was negatively correlated with Chinese Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS) scores.The dFC variance between the left amygdala over the left postcentral gyrus was positively correlated with CIAS scores.The dFC variance between the left amygdala and the right inferior parietal lobe were negatively correlated with CIAS scores.Conclusion The amygdala participates in the development of IGD.

Relationship between inflammatory cytokines and intracranial pressure in patients with traumatic brain injury / 重庆医学

Objective This study investigates the relationship of serum irfflammatory cytokine levels with intracranial pressure (ICP) in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) after surgery.Methods A total of 32 cases with severe TBI and placement of ICP monitor were prospectively enrolled.Serum was collected before surgery and every 12 h after surgery.Cytokines levels of interleukin (IL)-1β,IL-8,and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were analyzed and compared with outcome of patients.Hourly values of ICP were recorded.The degree of ICP above treatment threshold (20 mm Hg) were calculated every 12 h as pressure times time dose(PTD-ICP20),which was compared with serum cytokine levels before (Pre) and after (Post) the 12-hour time period using linear regression method.Results Serum IL-1β (P＜0.05),IL-8 (P＜0.01) and TNF-a (P＜0.01) levels elevated dramatically after severe TBI and were significantly associated with outcome of patients.Mean PTD-ICP20 was (42.9 ± 60.2)mm Hg/h and was correlated with increased Pre-IL-8 (r=0.554,P＜0.001),Pre-TNF-α (r=0.597,P＜0.001),Post-IL-8 (r=0.629,P＜0.001) and Post-TNF-α (r=0.538,P＜0.001) levels.Conclusion Serum IL-8 and TNF-α demonstrated the most promising candidate bio.rnarkers of impending ICP elevation in this study.These findings indicate a feasible way of monitoring patients with severe TBI.

Emotional Regulation and Executive Function Deficits in Unmedicated Chinese Children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to explore the feature of emotional regulation and executive functions in oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) children. METHODS: The emotional regulation and executive functions of adolescents with ODD, as well as the relationship between the two factors were analyzed using tools including Adolescent Daily Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (ADERQ), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB), in comparison with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) children without behavioral problem and healthy children; the ADERQ assessed emotional regulation ability and others were used to assess executive function. RESULTS: Compared to normal children, the ODD group displayed significant differences in the scores of cognitive reappraisal, rumination, expressive suppression, and revealing of negative emotions, as well as in the score of cognitive reappraisal of positive emotions. WCST perseverative errors were well correlated with rumination of negative emotions (r=0.47). Logistic regression revealed that the minimum number of moves in the Stocking of Cambridge (SOC) test (one test in CANTAB) and negative emotion revealing, were strongly associated with ODD diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Children with ODD showed emotion dysregulation, with negative emotion dysregulation as the main feature. Emotion dysregulation and the lack of ability to plan lead to executive function deficits. The executive function deficits may guide us to understand the deep mechanism under ODD.

Relationship between parental personality,mood disorders and family functions of the children with autism spectrum disorder / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective The number of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)has increased dramatically in the past years.Parents of children with ASD usually experience a variety of chronic and acute stressors that may decrease marital satisfaction and family functioning.The aim was to explore the characteristics of parental per-sonality,mood disorders and family functions of the Children with ASD and to explore the relevance factors in order to draw out methods to improve parental family functions.Methods A cross -sectional survey was conducted and 593 outpatients with ASD diagnosed in Shanghai Mental Health Center,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine form January 201 0 to January 201 4 were straight into the group,their parents were tested by Family Assessment Device (FAD),Zung Self -Rating Depression Scale(SDS),Zung Self -Rating Anxiety Scale(SAS)and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire(EPQ).SPSS 1 7.0 software was adopted to establish the database and statistical analysis.Results Ac-cording to FAD,parents of children with ASD had lower scores in problem solving[(2.1 0 ±0.37)scores]and roles [(2.09 ±0.27)scores](t =-6.669,P =0.000;t =-1 8.707,P =0.000)than the standard scores,while other di-mensions score were significantly higher than the standard scores in communicdtion[(2.25 ±0.35)scores],emotional reaction[(2.38 ±0.40)scores],emotional involvement[(2.36 ±0.37)scores],behavioral control[(2.31 ±0.27) scores]and general function[(2.1 2 ±0.38)scores],there were significant differences(t =3.1 35,1 1 .1 1 5,1 6.997, 37.1 1 6,8.064;P =0.002,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000).For EPQ of parents,mother had obviously higher scores than father in psychoticism scale[(53.68 ±1 .36)scores vs (52.65 ±1 .1 7)scores,t =-1 3.841 ,P =0.000],and signifi-cantly lower scores in Lie scale[(52.27 ±0.79)scores vs (52.1 7 ±0.75)scores,t =2.449,P =0.01 4].Compared to fathers,mothers were coded as higher depression and anxiety scores(t =-6.276,-6.440,all P =0.000)and higher prevalence rate(χ2 =1 5.893,27.592,all P =0.000),which were statistically significant.According to the asso-ciation study of FAD and the others(especially in mood of parents),it was found that several dimensions showed obvious correlation.Conclusions Parents of children with ASD have family function damaged badly,except for prob-lem solving and roles.The parents showed different personality traits and mood disorders,particularly mothers′mood disorder problem was prominent.Parental family functioning were closely related to their personality traits and emotional disorders in various dimensionalities,which was worthy of attention.