Epidemiological characteristics of foodborne disease outbreaks in Shaoxing City from 2012 to 2022 / 预防医学

Objective@#To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of foodborne disease outbreaks in Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province, from 2012 to 2022, so as to provide the evidence for improving the foodborne disease control strategy. @*Methods@#Foodborne disease outbreaks in Shaoxing City from 2012 to 2022 were collected from National Foodborne Disease Outbreak Monitoring System in China, including populations, places of outbreak, pathogenic factors and suspected foods. The temporal distribution, regional distribution, distribution of outbreak places and pathogenic factors of foodborne disease outbreaks were descriptively analyzed.@*Results@#A total of 89 foodborne disease outbreaks were reported in Shaoxing City from 2012 to 2022, covering totally 699 patients, with an average annual attack rate of 6.35%. The outbreak peaked during the period between June and October (73 outbreaks, 82.02%), and family was the predominant place of outbreak (41 outbreaks, 46.07%). There were 83 outbreaks with known pathogenic factors, including 51 outbreaks caused by microbial factors, with Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Salmonella and norovirus as predominant pathogens, and 29 outbreaks caused by fungi and their toxins, which were all poisonous mushrooms poisoning, resulting in 2 deaths. In addition, there were 3 outbreaks caused by chemical factors. @*Conclusions@#The outbreak of foodborne diseases predominantly occurred in summer and autumn in Shaoxing City from 2012 to 2022. Family was the predominant place of outbreak, and toxic mushroom poisoning was the most lethal pathogenic factor.

Interpretation of guidance on non-clinical safety evaluation for nanomedicines / 药学学报

With the rapid development of nanotechnology, the research and development of nanomedicines have become one of the development directions of drug innovation. Nanomedicines have special physical and chemical properties, such as nanoscale effects and nanostructure effects, so they have special biological properties, which may change the pharmacokinetic profiles such as absorption and tissue distribution of drug molecules, and thus affect their safety and effectiveness. There are many special concerns on the non-clinical safety evaluation of nanomedicines at the basis of ordinary drug because of the particularity of nanomedicines. On August 25, 2021, China issued Guidance on Non-clinical Safety Evaluation for Nanomedicines(interim). This article interprets comprehensively the guidance, focuses on the key points of non-clinical safety evaluation for nanomedicines, and expounds combined with some cases, aiming to provide reference for drug researchers.

Investigation of the metabolites of five major constituents from Berberis amurensis in normal and pseudo germ-free rats / 中国天然药物

Berberis amurensis (Berberidaceae) is a traditional Chinese medicine, which is often used to treat hypertension, inflammation, dysentery and enteritis. It contains alkaloids, mainly including berberine, berbamine, magnoflorine, jatrorrhizine and palmatine. Berberis amurensis extracts (BAEs) is often orally taken. Oral herbs might be metabolized by intestinal bacteria in the small intestine. However, the interaction between the herb and the gut microbiota is still unknown. In the current study, UPLC/Q-TOF-MS/MS combined with Metabolitepilot and Peakview software was used to identify the metabolites of BAEs in anti-biotic cocktail induced pseudo germ-free rats and normal rats. As a result, a total of 46 metabolites in normal rats were detected and its main metabolic pathways include demethylation, dehydrogenation, methylation, hydroxylation, sulfation and glucuronidation. Only 29 metabolites existed in pseudo germ-free rats. Dehydrogenated metabolites (M29, M30, M34 and M36), methylated metabolites (M33, M41 and M46) and other metabolites were not detected in pseudo germ-free rats. The result implied that the intestinal bacteria have an influence on the metabolism of BAEs. Furthermore, this investigation might contribute to the understanding of the metabolism of BAEs, and further promote its clinical application.

miR-34a inhibits the proliferation and invasion of colon cancer stem cells by regulating SIRT1 expression / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: miR-34a has an antitumor effect and can regulate the expression of multiple target genes. Therefore, it may become a new target for the treatment of tumors. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of miR-34a and its target gene SIRT1 on the proliferation, apoptosis and invasion of colon cancer stem cells in vitro . METHODS: Colon cancer stem cells were enriched from human colon cancer cell line HCT116 by serum-free suspension culture. Then, the percentage of CD44+/CD133+cells was identified by flow cytometry method. Colon cancer stem cells in transfection and control groups were transfected with artificially synthesized miR-34a mimics and negative control sequences, respectively. Cells with no transfection were used as non-transfection group. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion were detected through cell counting kit-8 assay, cell apoptosis experiment, and cell invasion experiment, respectively. The expression of SIRT1 mRNA and protein was detected by qRT-PCR and western blot analysis, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: CD44+/CD133+cells accounted for (78.3±6.7)% of the tumor stem cells enriched in the serum-free medium. The expression of miR-34a in miR-34a transfection group was higher than that of non-transfection group and miR-34a control group (P < 0.05). Compared with the non-transfection group and the miR-34a control group, the cell proliferation ability was significantly decreased (P < 0.05), the apoptotic rate increased significantly (P < 0.05), and the number of invasion cells decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in the miR-34a transfection group. The expression level of SIRT1 mRNA and protein in the miR-34a transfection group was significantly lower than that in the non-transfection group and the miR-34a control group (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that miR-34a may down-regulate the expression of SIRT1 to suppress cell growth and invasion and promote apoptosis in colon cancer stem cells.

Effects of anti CD3 monoclonal antibody on immunity and gene expression profiles of cynomolgus monkeys / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of anti CD3 monoclonal antibody (Ant-CD3 McAb) on immune function in cynomolgus monkeys, using the traditional immunotoxicity assessment methods and T cell dependent antibody response (TDAR) test, microarray, etc, and further explore the mechanism of Ant-CD3 McAb. METHODS: Eighteen Cynomolgus monkeys were individually dosed with saline, 0.5 and 2.5 mg·kg-1Ant-CD3 McAb for 7 d. The clinical observation, body weight, hematological test, antibody detection, TDAR test, lymphocyte subsets, bone marrow, histopathological examination and whole blood gene expression profile analysis were evaluated. RESULTS: Ant-CD3 McAb significantly inhibited the immune response to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) in cynomolgus monkey, and caused the decrease of peripheral white blood cell counts and CD3+ cells, the decrease of lymphocytes in thymus cortex. Microarray test showed that the gene function of differently expressed genes mainly involved in cell proliferation, immune response, cytokine secretion, apoptosis etc. CONCLUSION: Ant-CD3 McAb could induce obvious immunosuppression effects in cynomolgus monkeys. Detection of gene expression profile of whole peripheral blood is feasible in immunotoxicity evaluation. The apoptosis induction and proliferation inhibition of T lymphocytes might be the main cause of the decreased T lymphocytes. IL-8 might play an important role in the mechanism of Ant-CD3 McAb.

Auditory Rehabilitation in Rhesus Macaque Monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with Auditory Brainstem Implants / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>The auditory brainstem implants (ABIs) have been used to treat deafness for patients with neurofibromatosis Type 2 and nontumor patients. The lack of an appropriate animal model has limited the study of improving hearing rehabilitation by the device. This study aimed to establish an animal model of ABI in adult rhesus macaque monkey (Macaca mulatta).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Six adult rhesus macaque monkeys (M. mulatta) were included. Under general anesthesia, a multichannel ABI was implanted into the lateral recess of the fourth ventricle through the modified suboccipital-retrosigmoid (RS) approach. The electrical auditory brainstem response (EABR) waves were tested to ensure the optimal implant site. After the operation, the EABR and computed tomography (CT) were used to test and verify the effectiveness via electrophysiology and anatomy, respectively. The subjects underwent behavioral observation for 6 months, and the postoperative EABR was tested every two weeks from the 1 st month after implant surgery.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The implant surgery lasted an average of 5.2 h, and no monkey died or sacrificed. The averaged latencies of peaks I, II and IV were 1.27, 2.34 and 3.98 ms, respectively in the ABR. One-peak EABR wave was elicited in the operation, and one- or two-peak waves were elicited during the postoperative period. The EABR wave latencies appeared to be constant under different stimulus intensities; however, the amplitudes increased as the stimulus increased within a certain scope.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>It is feasible and safe to implant ABIs in rhesus macaque monkeys (M. mulatta) through a modified suboccipital RS approach, and EABR and CT are valid tools for animal model establishment. In addition, this model should be an appropriate animal model for the electrophysiological and behavioral study of rhesus macaque monkey with ABI.</p>

Experimental study on preventive effect of Yougui drink on femoral head necrosis in rats under micro CT / 中国骨伤

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the preventive effect of Yougui drink on femoral head necrosis in rats under micro CT.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty-five SD rats were divided into steroid hormone group (group A, 10 rats ), Yougui drink group (group B,10 rats) and normal group (group C,5 rats)with random number table. Endotoxin were injected into abdominal cavity of rats in group A and B for 2 days, methylprednisolone sodium succinate were injected by gluteus for twice a week continued for 6 weeks; group B were gavaged by Yougui drink (veryday for 8 weeks; group C did not do any processing. All rats were killed on the 10th weeks,m icro CT were used to scan femoral head in vitro and preventive effect of Yougui drink (n femoral head necrosis in rats.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There was statistical significance in BMD, BV/TV, Tb.N, Tb, Th, Thb, Sp, BS/TV and DA but no significance in SMI between group A and B. Comparison between A and C, there was significant meaning in BMD, BV/TV, Tb.N, Tb, Th, Tb, Sp, BS/TV, DA and SMI.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Yougui drink on femoral head necrosis in rats under micro CT has preventive effect from BMD BV/TV, Tb.N, Tb, Th, Tb, Sp, BS/TV and DA.</p>

Changes in the Vision-related Resting-state Network in Pituitary Adenoma Patients After Vision Improvement / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>The aim of this research was to investigate the changes in the vision-related resting-state network (V-RSN) in pituitary adenoma (PA) patients after vision improvement, which was induced by operative treatment.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Ten PA patients with an improved visual acuity or/and visual field after transsphenoidal pituitary tumor resection were recruited and underwent a complete neuro-ophthalmologic evaluation, as well as an magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocol, including structural and resting-state functional MRI sequences before and after the operation. The regional homogeneity (ReHo) of the V-RSN was evaluated. Two sample t-test was performed to identify the significant differences in the V-RSN in the PA patients before and after transsphenoidal pituitary tumor resection.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the preoperation counterparts, the PA patients with improved vision after the operation exhibited reduced ReHo in the bilateral thalamus, globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, putamen nucleus, supplementary motor area, and left hippocampal formation, and increased ReHo in the bilateral cuneus gyrus, calcarine gyrus, right lingual gyrus, and fusiform gyrus.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>PA patients with improved vision exhibit increased neural activity within the visual cortex, but decreased neural activity in subareas of the multisensory and multimodal systems beyond the vision cortex.</p>

Effect of maxillary protraction with or without rapid palatal expansion in treating early skeletal Class III malocclusion / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the effectiveness of treatment with maxillary protraction with or without rapid palatal expansion (RPE) for skeletal Class III malocclusion in mixed dentition.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 31 children with Class III malocclusion in mixed dentition were selected, and 15 (group A) received maxillary protraction treatment with RPE, the other 16 (group B) received maxillary protraction without RPE. Cephalometric films were taken before and after treatment, and traditional and Pancherz analysis were used.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The average duration of treatment was 10.14 months in group A and 9.77 months in group B respectively (P>0.05). According to Pancherz analysis, maxillary basal bone moved forwards by 2.99 mm in group A and 3.33 mm in group B respectively (P>0.05), mandibular basal bone moved backwards by 0.07 mm in group A, while forwards by 0.80 mm in group B (P>0.05), the overjet increased by 4.51 mm in group A and 6.37 mm in group B respectively (P<0.05), and the molar relationship improved by 4.97 mm in group A and 4.73 mm in group B respectively (P>0.05). The effects were clinically satisfactory in the both groups. Lower molar moved forwards by 1.18 mm in basal bone in group A, while backwards by 1.20 mm in group B (P<0.05). Traditional cephalometric analysis showed no statistic differences between the two groups except that upper incisior showed greater procline in group B than in group A (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The study shows that maxillary protraction treatment, with or without RPE, is clinically satisfactory to correct early skeletal Class III malocclusion.</p>

Computer construction and analysis of protein models of the mutant gammaD-crystallin gene / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Gammad-crystallin plays an important role in human cataract formation. Being highly stable, gammaD-crystallin proteins are composed of two domains. In this study we constructed and analyzed protein models of the mutant gammaD-crystallin gene, which caused a special fasciculiform congenital cataract affecting a large Chinese family.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>gammaD-crystallin protein structure was predicted by Swiss-Model software using bovine gammaD-crystallin as a template and Prospect software using human betab2-crystallin as a template. The models were observed with a Swiss-Pdb viewer.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The mutant gammaD-crystallin structure predicted by the Swiss-Model software showed that proline23 was an exposed surface residue and P23T change made a decreased hydrogen bond distance between threonine23 and asparagine49. The mutant gammaD-crystallin structure predicted by the Prospect software showed that the P23T change exerted a significant effect on the protein's tertiary structure and yielded hydrogen bonds with aspartic acid21, asparagine24, asparagine49 and serine74.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The mutant gammaD-crystallin gene has a significant effect on the protein's tertiary structure, supporting that alteration of gamma-crystallin plays an important role in human cataract formation.</p>

Combined surgery for cataract and glaucoma: phacoemulsification, foldable intraocular lens implantation and viscocanalostomy / 浙江大学学报·医学版

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To assess the outcome of phacoemulsification-intraocular lens (IOL) implantation combined with viscocanalostomy (P-C group), compared with that of phacoemulsification-IOL implantation combined with trabeculectomy (P-T group).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Combined phacoemulsification with corneal incision, foldable intraocular lens implantation and viscocanalostomy was performed in 21 eyes of 19 cataract patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. All patients were followed up for 3 - 6 months.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Intraocular pressure (IOP) was significantly lower in both P-C group and P-T group (P=0.000). There was no statistically significant difference between two groups. Visual outcome was similar in both groups. Complications of P-C group included Descemet's membrane puncture in 2 eyes, Schlemm's tube puncture in 2 eyes and IOP spikes in 3 eyes (at 24 hours postoperatively). The P-C group experienced significantly less inflammation than the P-T group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Phacoemulsification-IOL implantation combined with viscocanalostomy is a safe and effective surgery, with lower complicatin rate and easier ambulatory care.</p>