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Carotid atherosclerosis (CAS) is closely associated with the decline of cognitive function in the elderly, which can lead to persistent or progressive cognitive function and neurological dysfunction. Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is considered to be an intervenable disease. Studies have shown that CAS is one of the main causes of VCI. Further study on the relationship between CAS and VCI will help to better prevention and treatment of VCI.
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Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) can provide information of local or systemic inflammation and immune status. With the increasing attention to the role of inflammatory and immune factors in vascular cognitive impairment (VCI), it is very important to find new serum inflammatory markers for early identification and intervention of VCI. This article reviews the related research on NLR, VCI and their risk factors, expounds the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of VCI, and provides help for the diagnosis and prevention of VCI.
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Estrogen is an important hormone secreted by the female reproductive system. Its main function is associated with reproduction, growth and development. Studies have shown that estrogen has biological functions such as regulating vasoconstriction, antioxidant stress, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotection, and also affects brain structure and network. Studies have shown that estrogen is closely associated with the occurrence and development of white matter hyperintensities (WMHs). This article reviews the relationship between estrogen and menopausal hormone replacement therapy and WMHs, and their possible pathophysiological mechanisms.
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Objective To evaluate the accuracy of preoperative MRI in the diagnosis of malformations associated with MRKH syndrome and identification of uterine endometrium to optimize the clinical management.Methods 1 8 females with primary amenor-rhea were studied with MRI performed with a 1.5T or 3.0T imager.All patients were examined in the supine position using a phased-array coil and underwent pelvic MRI.Two experienced radiologists evaluated all the examinations in consensus to assess the pres-ence,position and morphology of vagina,uterus,ovaries and any pelvic abnormalities.Results One or two rudimentary uteri were identified in 17 patients (94.4%).A total of 16 patients (88.9%)had bilateral rudimentary uteri,1 (5.6%)had unilateral rudimentary uteri(it was left sided).1 (5.6%)had no uterine remnants.4 (12.1%)of 33 uterine buds in 4 patients showed differentiation of the center of the uterus into three layer.Bilateral ovaries were present in 1 7 patients,and their shapes,sizes and signals are normal.The vagina and cervix were absent in all cases.Conclusion MRI is a useful diagnostic tool in the preoperative evaluation of MRKH syndrome and the endometrium to further optimize the treatment plan.
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Objective To analyze the clinical,radiological and pathological features of primary leiomyosarcoma of bone and to im-prove the diagnostic level.Methods Totally 6 cases of PLB proved by pathology were collected in our study.The clinical,radiologi-cal and pathological findings were retrospectively analyzed,and combined with the relevant literature to have a comprehensive analy-sis.Results The lesions of 6 patients were solitary,located in femoral (1 case),distal femur (1 case),proximal tibia (2 cases),is-chium (1 case)and humerus (1 case).There was no periosteal reaction in all 6 cases but they all had soft tissue mass,sometimes there may have some mineralization within the tumor.Ill-defined osteolytic bone destruction was detected in 5 patients,while expan-sion of cystic bone destruction was found in the other 1 patients.3 cases had hardened edge,2 cases with adjacent bone cortical thickening.The MR imaging in 5 patients showed iso-intensity signal on T1 WI,a slightly inhomogeneously higher signal on T2 WI and a significant heterogeneously enhancement after injected of Gd-DTPA.Another 1 patient showed a double ring sign,the central area onT1 WI and T2 WI expressed heterogeneous slightly higher signal,the peripheral annular zone was iso-intensity on T1 WI and slightly higher on T2 WI,after injected contrast medium,it was inhomogeneous enhancement.In immunohistochemically,all tumors reacted positively with SMA,3 patients with Desmin and Vimentin positive,2 patients with Ki-67 positive,and there had some scat-tered cells with CD68 positive,but the S-100 were all negative.Conclusion The clinical,radiological and conventional histological manifestations of PLB are not specific.Immunohistochemical and/or ultrastructural analysis who displayed smooth muscle differenti-ation can confirm the diagnosis.