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OBJECTIVE To study protective effect and potential mechanism of Modified yupingfeng nasal spray （YPF+） on nasal mucosal injury in allergic rhinitis （AR） model rats. METHODS AR model was induced by ovalbumin （OVA） and randomly divided into model group， YPF+group （50 µg/side，twice a day）， positive control group （Mometasone furoate aqueous nasal spray， 50 µg/side，once a day）； the blank group was set up， with 10 rats in each group. Administration groups were given relevant medicine， and blank group and model group were given equivalent normal saline for consecutive 4 weeks. Thirty minutes after last medication， the behavioral scores of rats were recorded， and the pathological changes of their nasal mucosa tissue were observed. The level of reactive oxygen species （ROS） in nasal mucosa tissue was detected. The protein and mRNA expressions of nucleotide- binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 （NLRP3），caspase-1，gasdermin D （GSDMD） were detected； the contents of interleukin-1β （IL-1β） and IL-18 in serum were also determined. RESULTS Compared with blank group， in model group， the nasal mucosa tissue structure was disordered， inflammatory cells infiltrated seriously， and lamina propria vascular dilation was visible； its behavioral score and pathological score， the level of ROS， protein and mRNA expressions of NLRP3， caspase-1 and GSDMD， serum contents of IL-1β and IL-18 in nasal mucosa tissue were increased significantly （P＜0.05）. Compared with model group， the symptoms of nasal mucosal injury in rats of each drug group were improved to varying degrees， and the above indicators were significantly reduced （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS YPF+ may improve nasal mucosal injury of rats， relieve AR symptoms such as sneezing， itchy nose， runny nose， the mechanism of which may be associated with reducing the production of ROS in nasal mucosa and downregulating NLRP3/caspase-1/ GSDMD pathway.
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Objective:To estimate the burden of hip fractures and related factors among the Chinese middle-aged and elderly population.Methods:Based on the data of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) in 2015, the burden of hip fractures among Chinese middle-aged and elderly population was evaluated as the years lived with disability (YLD) rate. The relationship between gender, age (45-49, 50-59, 60-69 and ≥70 years old), educational level (no education, elementary school, junior high school, high school and above), region (urban, rural), gross domestic production (GDP) per capita (low, medium and high) and geographic area (northern, eastern, south-central, northwest and southwest regions) and the YLD rate of hip fractures were analyzed, respectively.Results:Excluding items with missing basic information and hip fracture data, a total of 17,830 subjects (8,405 males and 9,425 females) were included in the study with average age 61.6±9.8 years (range 45 to 105 years). The average age in male was 61.9±9.6 years, and that in female was 61.2±10.1 years. The prevalence of hip fractures was 2.3% (410/17,830). The total YLD rate was [694/100,000 (95% Uncertainty Interval ( UI): 462/100,000, 989/100,000)]. The YLD rates were similar between male [693/100,000 (95% UI: 461/100,000, 988/100,000)] and female [696/100,000 (95% UI: 463/100,000, 992/100,000)] subgroups. The YLD rate of hip fractures was increasing with age, which reached at maximum of 1,155/100,000 (95% UI: 769/100,000, 1,646/100,000) for participants aged 70 years or above. The rate was gradually decreased with the upgrade of the educational level. The participants with high school education and above reached the lowest of 434/100,000 (95% UI: 289/100,000, 619/100,000). In addition, the YLD rate of hip fractures in rural areas [721/100,000 (95% UI: 480/100,000, 1,027/100,000)] was higher than that in urban areas [650/100,000 (95% UI: 433/100,000, 926/100,000)]. The YLD rate in areas with higher GDP per capita [545/100,000 (95% UI: 363/100,000, 777/100,000)] was lower than that in areas with lower GDP per capita [761/100,000 (95% UI: 506/100,000, 1,084/100,000)]. Moreover, the participants living in the Northwest region were with the highest YLD rate of hip fractures [1,056/100,000 (95% UI: 703/100,000, 1,506/100,000)], followed by the Southwest region [887/100,000 (95% UI: 590/ 100,000, 1,264/100,000)] and the Northeast region [317/100,000 (95% UI: 211/100,000, 452/100,000)]. Conclusion:Hip fractures exerted heavy burdens on the Chinese middle-aged and elderly population. The YLD rate of hip fractures varied according to geographical regions, greater age, rural areas, low educational levels and low GDP per capita. These related factors could affect the disease burden of hip fractures in China.