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The development of cerebral white matter is essential for the establishment of normal behavior and cognitive functions， and several studies have shown that the alterations in white matter microstructure are associated with core symptoms and cognitive deficits in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder （ADHD）， suggesting that the abnormalities in cerebral white matter may be one of the neurological underpinnings of the disease. This article aims to review and summarize the magnetic resonance imaging studies of the white matter microstructure in children and adolescents with ADHD， to summarize the characteristics of the alterations in the white matter fiber tracts of ADHD， and to analyze the relationships with the clinical manifestations of the disease. Thereafter， the potential pathogenesis of ADHD is explored， thus providing a guidance for the future studies.
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Objective To explore the protective mechanisms of hydrogen-rich saline on renal ischemiareperfusion injury.Methods Mice were divided in to 3 groups:control (sham operation),ischemia-reperfusion (IR) and ischemia-reperfusion+ hydrogen-rich saline (HRS).Mice in IR+ HRS group were administrated HRS by intravenous injection 3days and 1min before operation and 4 times in the following 2hours after operation.Mice in control and IR group were administrated normal saline as the same volume and frequency with IR + HRS group.Mice were sacrificed 24 hours after operation,creatinine and urea nitrogen in serum were detected by biochemical analyzer,MDA and SOD level were detected by spectrophotometer,expression of Bcl-xl,Bcl2,Bak,Bax,Cleaved Caspase-3 proteins level were detected by western blot.Results Compared to IR group,creatinine,urea nitrogen,MDA level decreased significantly after HRS consumption.SOD enzyme activity increased significantly after HRS consumption.HRS treatment down-regulates expression of Bak,Bax and Cleaved Caspase-3 protein level,and up-regulates expression of Bcl2,and Bcl-xl protein level.Conclusion HRS eliminates ROS and elevates antioxidant activity in renal after IR,besides,HRS also regulate apoptosis signal pathway to protect IR injury in renal.
RESUMEN
A great number of studies have demonstrated functional abnormalities in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), although conflicting results have also been reported. And few studies analyzed homotopic functional connectivity between hemispheres. In this study, resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data were recorded from 45 medication-naïve ADHD children and 26 healthy controls. The regional homogeneity (ReHo), degree centrality (DC) and voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC) values were compared between the two groups to depict the intrinsic brain activities. We found that ADHD children exhibited significantly lower ReHo and DC values in the right middle frontal gyrus and the two values correlated with each other; moreover, lower VMHC values were found in the bilateral occipital lobes of ADHD children, which was negatively related with anxiety scores of Conners' Parent Rating Scale (CPRS-R) and positively related with completed categories of Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Our results might suggest that less spontaneous neuronal activities of the right middle frontal gyrus and the bilateral occipital lobes in ADHD children.