Design And Optimization Of Doxorubicin Hcl Proniosomes By-Design Of Experiment

Objective: The present research work was designed to formulate and optimize doxorubicin HCl proniosomes by design of experiment (DoE). Methods: A 4-factor, 3-level Box-Behnken design was used to explain multiple linear regression analysis and contour 3D plot responses. The independent variables selected were tween 20, cholesterol, hydration volume and sonication time; dependent variables percentage entrapment efficiency (PEE), mean vesicle size (MVS). Based on the Box-Behnken design 29 trial runs were studied and optimized for PEE and MVS. Further "Model F-Value" was calculated to confirm the omission of insignificant terms from the full-model equation to derive a multiple linear regression analysis to predict the PEE and MVS of niosomes derived from proniosomes. 3D plots were constructed to show the influence of independent variables on dependent variables. Results: PEE of doxorubicin HCl proniosomes was found to be in the range of 40.21-87.5%. The polynomial equation for PEE exhibited a good correlation coefficient (0.5524) and the "Model F-Value" of 7.41 implies the model is significant. P-values less than 0.0500 indicate model terms are significant. The MVS of doxorubicin HCl proniosomes was found to be in the range of 325.2 nm to 420.25 nm. The mathematical model generated for MVS (R2) was found to be significant with model F-value of 54.22. There is only a 0.01% chance that a "Model F-Value" this large could occur due to noise (P<0.0500) and R2 value of 0.9004. Conclusion: The DoE of Box-Behnken design demonstrated the role of the derived equation, 3D plot in predicting the values of dependent variables for the preparation and optimization of doxorubicin HCl proniosomes. The results suggest that doxorubicin HCl proniosomes can act as a promising carrier.

Pattern of gastrointestinal tract malignancy At Al-Thawra Hospital, Sana'a, Yemen 1998-2001

This study is based on data collected from 388 patients registered with primary cancer of the gastrointestinal tract and its accessory glands. The diagnosis was confirmed histophathologically in all patients. These patients were seen at Al-Thawra Teaching Hospital in the period 1998-2001. The relative frequency and rank of order were determined for each type of GIT cancer. The male/female ratio was 1.3:1. The age of the patients ranged between 25-65 years with a mean of 45 years. The peak occurrence was in the age group of 46-55 years. Abdominal pain was reported in all patients. 'The other most common presenting symptoms were weight loss, weakness, vomiting and abdominal distension reported in 79.9%, 77.3%, 74.5% and 72.2%, respectively. Hepatocellular carcinoma was the most common GIT cancer, ranked the first and diagnosed in 150[38.7%] patients. Colorectal carcinoma ranked the second, followed by esophagus and small intestine cancers found in 25.8%, 18% and 7.7%, respectively. Stomach and pancreatic cancers were less frequent, recorded in 7.2% and 2.6% in that order. No gallbladder cancer or premalignant conditions were registered. The results of this study were compared with findings mentioned in the literature. Some differences in the pattern of GIT cancers were encountered. GIT cancers were often discovered in late stage, when the treatment offers little chance of cure. The study stresses the importance of prevention, screening and early detection for GIT malignancy. Furthermore, eradication of H. pylori and vaccination against HBV preferably integrated into expanded program of immunization are strongly recommended

Sick sinus syndrome, inferior myocardial infarct and stroke: a case report

This is a case report about a 35 years old male farmer, who presented to the neurology outpatient clinic, of a 510 bed teaching hospital in Sanaa - Republic of Yemen -On 19.12.1991, with right sided weakness, inability to speak [stroke]. He spent 6 days out before being admitted by a Neurologist into the general medical ward on 25.12.1991. After his reassessment and investigations, he was found to have a slow pulse 24/min. ECG No. 1 on 25.12.1991 revealed sick sinus syndrome, 1st degree AV block, and inferior infarct. Repeat ECG No. 2 on 30.12.1991 after Atropine injections did not show any improvement in the rate. His mild left ventricular failure responded to amiloride hydrochlorthiazide combination [Moduretic]. The right sided hemiparesis and aphasia improved over three weeks on piracetam [Nootropil], Aspirin and Dipyridamole [Persantin]. On 8.1.1992 he was transferred to the intensive care unit for Halter's monitoring to watch any brady-tachyarrhythmia syndrome and re-evaluate atropine responses ECG No. 3 showed sinus arrest typical of sick sinus syndrome without response to atropine 0.5 mg Q.D.S. No bradytachycardia syndrome was recorded over one week on monitor. Salbutamol 2 mg Q.D.S. was started after stopping atropine orally which increased the heart rate by 25-50 percent i.e. the pulse 24 beat/min. became 30-36 beats/min ECG No 4. Many biochemical, blood tests were normal, chest P.A. film showed borderline cardiomegaly with mild pulmonary conjestion, ECHO did not show any valvular lesion. CAT scan was out of order, No pace maker. Patient was discharged to go abroad for more investigations and Pace-marker