Comparative research of survey results on the usage patterns of traditional garden between Japan and Austria

This study compares differences between Japan and Austria as regarding outdoor activities. We conducted a survey with respect to the utility patterns of Kairakuen Garden in Mito city, Ibaraki prefecture, which is one of the three major historical gardens in Japan noted for its beauty. This paper compares the results of our survey with a study of the recreational and spatial utility of the historical Schonbrunn Garden in Vienna, Austria, a baroque garden of the former Emperor of Austria. Therefore, both Japan and Austria universities examined the same questionnaire items such as where visitors are from importance of motives of visiting, and wandering behavior at each gardens. Here, in this paper, common motives of visitors in both gardens are discovered. In addition, there were similarities between Kairakuen Garden and Schonbrunn Garden in that the citizens of Vienna frequently tends to avoid the routes that are used by many sightseers, and which can be observed also with the most local residents of Mito visiting the Kairakuen Garden

Assessment of GM-CSF receptors by real-time RT-PCR on cell lines expressing high and low affinity receptors and their relation to cytotoxic effect of chimeric protein[StxA1-GM-CSF]

Immunotoxins, which are composed of both the cell targeting and the cell killing moieties are the new approach for targeted therapy of human disease. In all immunotoxins that GM-CSF has been used as cell targeting; only cell lines expressing high affinity receptor have been used for cytotoxicity studies. In the present study, various cell lines expressing high and low affinity receptors were used for assessment of the cytotoxic effect of hybrid chimeric protein. The expression of GM-CSF receptor [GM-CSFR] was quantified by real-time RT- PCR. The cell lines K562 and THP1 expressing high affinity receptor and MC-7, PC-3 and DU145 expressing low affinity receptor were used for this study. The chimeric hybrid protein was found to be toxic for various cell lines used in this investigation and cytotoxicity was more effective in cell lines bearing high affinity receptors. Overall, our results showed that the recombinant hybrid protein could have wide range of application on various cancer cell lines even cells bearing low affinity receptors for GM-CSF