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Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a leading cause of human deaths due to any infectious disease worldwide. However, infection of Mycobacterium bovis, primarily an animal pathogen, also leads to the development of ‘human tuberculosis’. Infected animals have been considered the major source of M. bovis infection and humans get exposed to M. bovis through close contact with infected animals or consumption of contaminated milk, unpasteurized dairy products and improperly cooked contaminated meat. The information on the global distribution of bovine TB (bTB) is limited, but the disease has been reported from all the livestock-producing middle- and low-income countries of the world. In recent years, there is a renewed interest for the control of bTB to minimize human infection worldwide. In India, while the sporadic presence of M. bovis has been reported in domestic animals, animal-derived food products and human beings from different geographical regions of the country, the information on the national prevalence of bTB and transmission dynamics of zoonotic TB is, however, not available. The present article reviewed published information on the status of M. bovis-induced zoonotic TB to highlight the key challenges and opportunities for intervention to minimize the risk of M. bovis infection in humans and secure optimum animal productivity in India.
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Background: Nutrition is required for normal growth of thebody. Insufficient nutrition leads to wasting and deficiencies ofessential vitamins and minerals. The present study wasconducted to assess micronutrients deficiency in pediatricpatients.Materials & Methods: The present study was conducted on246 Pediatric patients. Blood sample was obtained understandardized aseptic condition. For estimation of zinc andcopper, atomic absorption spectroscopy method was used.Ferritin, folate and vitamin B12 were determined byelectrochemiluminescence immunoassay, vitamin D bychemiluminescent immunoassay, and vitamins A and C byhigh-performance liquid chromatography.Results: Out of 246 patients, male child were 132 and femalechild were 114. The value of zinc was 72.4 μg/dL, copper 0.94μg/dL, serum folate 11.2 nmol/L, Vit A 0.78 μmol/L, Vit D 75.2nmol/l, Vit C 11.8 μmol/L, Vit B12 156 pmol/L, ferritine 16.2μg/L, HGB 110.4 g/l and MCV 81.4 fl.Conclusion: Micronutrients play a necessary for normalgrowth of children. There was nutrients deficiency in children.
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Background: Silver nanoparticles are toxic to bacteria and have widespread application in differentresearch areas.Objective: The aim of this study was to synthesize silver nanoparticles using an aqueous leaf extract ofCestrum nocturnum and to test its antioxidant and antibacterial activities.Materials and methods: The silver nanoparticles were synthesized by addition of 20 ml extract (8% w/v)with 180 ml silver nitrate solution (1 mM). The synthesis of silver nanoparticles was confirmed byUVeVis spectrophotometer. The silver nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffractometer,Transmission Electron Microscope, Scanning Electron Microscope and Fourier Transform Infra-Redspectroscopy. The antioxidant property of silver nanoparticles was analyzed by the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical scavenging methods. Thebacteriostatic and bactericidal activity of silver nanoparticles against Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Salmonella typhi was determined using bacterial growth inhibition method. The antibacterialsensitivity and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of silver nanoparticles was determined againstthe bacteria.Results: The results confirmed that the silver nanoparticles synthesized by C. nocturnum extract werecrystalline in nature, average particle size was 20 nm and were mostly spherical in shape. The antioxidant methods confirmed that the silver nanoparticles have more antioxidant activity as compared tovitamin C. The silver nanoparticles have strong antibacterial (maximum Vibrio cholerae and minimumE. faecalis) activity. The MIC value of silver nanoparticles was 16 mg/ml (Citrobacter), 4 mg/ml (E. faecalis),16 mg/ml (S. typhi), 8 mg/ml (E. coli), 8 mg/ml (Proteus vulgaris), and 16 mg/ml (V. cholerae).Conclusion: Green synthesized silver nanoparticles have strong antioxidant and antibacterial activity dueto the presence of bioactive molecules on the surface of silver nanoparticles.© 2018 Transdisciplinary University, Bangalore and World Ayurveda Foundation. Publishing Services byElsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
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Background: Infantile hemangiomas (IH) are the mostcommon tumors of childhood. Systemic corticosteroids(prednisolone) have been the mainstay of treatment for IH, forseveral decades. Hence; we planned the present study toassess and compare the efficacy of oral prednisolone andpropranolol in regression of infantile hemangioma (IH).Materials & Methods: The present study included assessmentand comparison the efficacy of oral prednisolone andpropranolol in regression of IH. A total of 30 patients wereincluded in the present study. All the patients were randomlydivided into three study groups as follows: Group 1: Patientswho received oral prednisolone 5 mg/kg/day, Group 2: Patientswho received oral propranolol 3 mg/kg/day, and Group 3:Patients who received oral prednisolone 5 mg/kg/day andpropranolol 3 mg/kg/day simultaneously. We categorized casesas partial response in which there occurred a change in colorand consistency. All the results were analyzed by SPSSsoftware.Results: We observed significant results while comparing theresponse rates of the subjects of the group 1. However; wedidn’t observe any significant result, while comparing thetreatment response in subjects of group 2 and 3.Conclusion: In managing patients with IH, oral prednisolone isa viable and time tested therapeutic option. However; whenused either alone or in combination, prednisolone offers noother added benefits.
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Background & objectives: The immune responses to different antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv vary from patient to patient with tuberculosis (TB). Therefore, significant difference might be documented between the H37Rv with long histories of passages and recent clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis. In the present study, immune response of TB patients and healthy controls against 39 clinical M. tuberculosis isolates was correlated with laboratory strain H37Rv. Methods: The antibody response was studied coating whole cell extracts and culture filtrate proteins of M. tuberculosis isolates and laboratory strain H37Rv by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Lymphoproliferation was studied by incorporation of tritiated thymidine and cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-4) by using commercially available kits. Results: Sero-reactivity to whole cell extract (WCE) of 11 clinical isolates was higher with pooled serum and individual's serum from tuberculosis patients showed significant reactivity (P<0.05) to ten of these isolates using ELISA. Of the WCE of 39 clinical isolates, 10 were found to be potent inducer of lymphoproliferation as well as cytokine secretion (P<0.05) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from PPD+ healthy controls. Six culture filtrate proteins (CFPs) from these selected clinical isolates were also better inducers of antibody and T-cell response. Interpretation & conclusion: Overall, our results revealed that the clinical isolates belonging to prevalent genotypes; CAS1_Del (ST-26), East African-Indian (ST-11) and Beijing family (ST-1) induced better antibody and T cell responses compared to H37Rv laboratory strain. Further studies need to be done to purify and identify the dominant protein (s) using whole cell extract and culture filtrates from these immunologically relevant clinical M. tuberculosis isolates, which will be worthwhile to find out pathogenic factors, potential diagnostic markers and protective molecules for tuberculosis.