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Objective:To observe any effect of dry needling of myofascial trigger points on substance P and synaptophysin expression in the spinal dorsal horn.Methods:Sixty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a control group ( n=16) and a model group ( n=48). Myofascial trigger points were induced in the model group by a blunt strike and eccentric running. That group was then randomly divided into a no-treatment group ( n=15), a massage group ( n=16), and a dry needling group (16 rats). The rats in the two treatment groups received 4 weeks of dry needling or Chinese massage. Pressure pain thresholds were recorded before the experiment and after the 4 weeks. The content of substance P and synaptophysin in the spinal dorsal horn were measured using immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. Results:After the treatment 14 rats (93%) in the model group had trigger points, significantly higher than the 8 rats (50%) in the massage group and the 7 rats (44%) in the dry needling group. After treatment, the average pressure pain thresholds of the no-treatment and massage groups was significantly lower than the control group′s average, while the difference between the dry needling group and the control group was not significant. The average pressure pain threshold had improved significantly in the no-treatment group, the massage group and the dry needling group, and the averages of the massage group and the dry needling group were significantly higher than that of the no-treatment group. The level of substance P was significantly higher in the no-treatment group than in the other three groups and the ratio of substance P to Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)was significantly higher. The substance P: GAPDH ratio of the massage group was significantly higher than that of the control group.Conclusions:Dry needling and massage are effective in relieving myofascial pain, at least in rats. Both can reduce the content of substance P in the spinal dorsal horn.
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The similarities and differences between trigger points of myalgia and acupoints were explored. Nodules could be detected by B-ultrasound at trigger points of myalgia, but not acupoints. In clinical symptoms, the referred pain pathway of trigger points of myalgia is similar with the pathway of acupuncture meridian. Therefore, the location of trigger points of myalgia should take referred pain as pathway, which is similar with locating acupoints as meridian. Acupuncture at trigger points of myalgia takes jumping feeling as criterion, while acupuncture at acupoints are mainly based on acid swelling and numbness. From clinical observation to basic experimental research, a lot of pathophysiological evidence is provided for trigger point of myalgia. It is believed that the trigger point of myalgia might be the precise acupoint in modern scientific research, and the meridian is the synthesis of the mechanics of nerve, blood vessel and fascia. Although acupuncture and dry needling are different in theory, but the scientific foundation of TCM and western medicine is coherent.
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Objective:To evaluate the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Personal and Social Performance scale (PSP-CHN) in patients with schizophrenia.Methods:Totally 165 out-patients and in-patients meeting the DSM-IV-TR criteria for schizophrenia were entered in the study.Ten of subjects was included the intra-rater reliability training.The Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF) was regarded as the' gold standard' to investigate the validity of PSP-CHN,and the Positive and Negative Rating Scale was used to assess the severity of disease to explore the correlative validity,in the other 155 subjects.Five to seven days after the first PSP-CHN interview,the second PSP-CHN was evaluated by another investigator to assess the test-retest reliability among 66 subjects.Twenty-seven subjects with the score of Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) more than 60 were followed up for 8 weeks of standardized pharmacotherapy.By the end of 8 week of treatment,the PANSS and PSP-CHN were assessed again to explore the sensitivity of PSP-CHN.Results:The internal consistency (Cronbach α=0.84) and the inter-rater reliability (κ value=0.56,ICC=0.94 for PSP-CHN total score) were good.The test-retest reliability was high [intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.95].The scale showed good construct validity with statistically significant correlations with the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF) (ICC of 0.95).The PSP-CHN score had a good negative correlation with the PANSS total score(r=-0.79,-0.57,-0.63 and -0.71,respectively,P<0.01).After 8 week treatment,PSP-CHN total score was increased with the improvement of PANSS,and the responder showed higher increasing of PSP-CHN total score (21.2) than those partial responder(10.2),significantly.Conclusion:The Chinese version of the PSP-CHN is a convenient and valid instrument to assess the personal and social functions of stabilized and acute patients with schizophrenia.
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By animal model of blood stasis syndrome,it not only offers experimental methods of study on activating circulation to remove stasis;more importantly,it explores the nature of blood stasis and mechanisms of activating circulation to remove stasis by verifying concerned causa morbi in TCM,offering foundation for clinical prevention and treatment.The article makes summary on animal model of blood stasis in recent years.