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Diabetes mellitus is a major global health problem. It is classified as type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The disease and its complications also cause a heavy financial burden on diabetic patients, their families and the society. Mean platelet volume is a measurement of the average size of platelets and varies between 7.5 and 10.5 fl. We wanted to study the correlation of MPV and HbA1c.METHODSThe present study was conducted in the Department of Pathology, SSMC and SGMH, Rewa (MP) over a period of 18 months on 210 cases. Glucose was measured by GOD-POD method, MPV by cell counter and HbA1c by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Unpaired t test is used to find out p value by using GraphPad software.RESULTSA total 210 cases were included. 60 cases were non-diabetic (Control Group) and 150 cases were of DMT2. The DMT2 group was further divided into DMT2 (controlled) and DMT2 (uncontrolled) on the basis of levels of HbA1c. MPV in DMT2 vs. non-diabetic was 10.80 ± 1.32 fl vs. 10.01 ± 1.12 fl respectively. MPV in DMT2 (uncontrolled) vs. DMT2 (controlled) was 11.07 ± 1.53 fl vs. 10.39 ± 0.75 fl respectively.CONCLUSIONSMPV in DMT2 patients was significantly higher than non-diabetic group. MPV in uncontrolled diabetic group (HbA1c >7%) was significantly higher than controlled diabetic group (HbA1c <7%). Hence MPV along with HbA1c can be a useful diagnostic test as well as prognostic marker of vascular complications in DMT2 patients.
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Aim: Present hospital based study was carried out at our tertiary care centre with an aim to study the distribution of Cryptosporidium species subtypes in patients with complaints of diarrhea
Background: Cryptosporidium species are one of the important causative agents of parasitic diarrhea, amongst which Cryptosporidium hominis [C.hominis] and Cryptosporidium parvum [C.parvum] are the two major species that are associated with human cryptosporidiosis
Methods: Four hundred and fifty [n=450] diarrheic patients complaining of different types of diarrhea were enrolled in the present study. Both microscopic and molecular diagnostic methods were used for the detection as well as for identification of Cryptosporidium species and its speciation and subtyping
Results: Forty one [n=41] and forty three [n=43] patients were positive for Cryptosporidium species by microscopy and Polymerase chain reaction [PCR] assay respectively. Of these 43 cases, 70% [30/43] were identified as C. hominis and 21% [9/43] was as C. parvum, 7% [3/43] was as Cryptosporidium felis [C.felis] and 2% [1/43] as Cryptopsoridium viatorum [C. viatorum] respectively . Upon subtyping of C. hominis and C. parvum, 16 subtypes belonging to 8 different subtype families could be identified. The frequency of different families were Ia [13%, 5/39], Ib [15%, 6/39], Id [18%, 7/39], Ie [30%, 12/39] and IIa [5%, 2/39], IIc [8%, 3/39], IId [8%, 3/39] and IIe [3%, 1/39]
Conclusion: Our study results strongly suggest and reinforces the fact that most of the human cryptosporidiosis is anthroponotic and we expect that present molecular epidemiological data will provide more insight to unravel the changing clinical paradigm of human cryptosporidiosis at large
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Background: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a progressive kidney disease caused by the damage to the capillaries in the kidneys’ glomeruli. Uric acid is the end product of purine catabolism and is excreted in the urine. Uric acid can serve as an inflammatory factor and is attributed to bring about endothelial dysfunction. The causal role of uric acid in the development of diabetic nephropathy is unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the association of serum uric acid level and low levels of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) which is an indicator of renal disease progression in patients with Type II (T2D) diabetes mellitus. Methods: A cross sectional analytical observational study was conducted on 150 patients with T2D. Since the study was an observational study it involved no medical intervention. Venous blood samples were obtained in fasting state for determination of random blood sugar, serum creatinine, uric acid, (HbA1c) hemoglobin A1c (reference range 3.8-5.5%); and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Using MDRD formula eGFR was calculated as = 186 x [serum creatinine]-1.154 x [Age] -0.203 x 0.742. The association of renal disease with T2D and the grading of the patients into different stages of renal failure was analysed by eGFR values. Results: Hundred and fifty diagnosed cases of T2D were included in the present study. The mean age of the study population was 63 ± 12.2. No significant age and gender related variation in serum uric acid level was noted in the study population. The prevalence of Hyperuricemia was 19.33%. The mean BMI was significantly higher among hyperuricemic subjects in comparison with normouricemic patients. Hyperuricemia was evident in 75% (n=18) of the subjects with diabetic nephropathy. Stage IV and stage V patients were associated with significantly very high (p < 0.01) uric acid levels. Suhail Bin Ahmed, Ather Akhtar Pasha, Yogita Singh Thakur. The association of Hyperuricemia with progressive Diabetic Nephropathy in patients with Type II Diabetes mellitus. IAIM, 2017; 4(11): 269-274. Page 270 Conclusions: Serum uric acid has a significant positive association with diabetic nephropathy ultimately resulting in end stage renal disease. Treatment intervention is out of the scope of this study.
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Background: Patients with subclinical thyroid dysfunction are universally encountered in routine clinical practice. Advanced diagnostic techniques have created new categories of thyroid disorders such as subclinical hypo-and-hyperthyroidism. The management of subclinical thyroid dysfunction is controversial. Patients with subclinical thyroid dysfunction may have vague, nonspecific symptoms that do not aid the clinical apperception. This study aimed to screen the normal adult population for the incidence of subclinical thyroid dysfunction and discuss the optimal management strategy. Materials and methods: Four hundred subjects with no clinical evidence of thyroid dysfunction were included in the present study. Elaborate history in the form of a symptom questionnaire was obtained and clinical examination was performed. Laboratory analysis of thyroid function was done by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA). Patients with normal free thyroxine (FT4) and triiodothyronine levels (T3) were further classified into subclinical hypo/hyperthyroid based on the serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. The incidence of subclinical thyroid disorder in the sample population was detected and optimal management strategies were followed as per the European thyroid association (ETA) guidelines. Results: The normal TSH value by ECLIA was 0.27 - 4.2μIU/ml. Seventeen (4.25%) out of four hundred subjects included in the present study were found to have subclinical thyroid dysfunction. The Ratio of subclinical hypothyroid cases to subclinical hyperthyroid cases was found to be 12:5. Clustering of the cases was found around the age of 60 years and was significantly more common among females in comparison to males. Cases with subclinical thyroid dysfunction were managed by follow up after a thorough evaluation and treatment of other comorbid conditions. Conclusions: The study provides valuable insight towards understanding the epidemiology and management of subclinical thyroid disorders in the present scenario. Screening is recommended for a Suhail Bin Ahmed, Ather Akhtar Pasha, Yogita Singh Thakur. Incidence of sub clinical thyroid dysfunction among asymptomatic adult population. IAIM, 2017; 4(11): 264-268. Page 265 high-risk population since there is good evidence that subclinical thyroid dysfunctions may be associated with progression to overt disease in up to 5% of the population.
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Intestinal parasitic infections are one of the major causes of diarrhea in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositive individuals. Antiretroviral therapy has markedly reduced the incidence of many opportunistic infections, but parasite-related diarrhea still remains frequent and often underestimated especially in developing countries. The present hospital-based study was conducted to determine the spectrum of intestinal parasitosis in adult HIV/AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) patients with or without diarrhea with the levels of CD4+ T-cell counts. A total of 400 individuals were enrolled and were screened for intestinal parasitosis. Of these study population, 200 were HIV seropositives, and the remaining 200 were HIV uninfected individuals with or without diarrhea. Intestinal parasites were identified by using microscopy as well as PCR assay. A total of 130 (32.5%) out of 400 patients were positive for any kinds of intestinal parasites. The cumulative number of parasite positive patients was 152 due to multiple infections. A significant association of Cryptosporidium (P<0.001) was detected among individuals with CD4+ T-cell counts less than 200 cells/microl.