Effect of different sulfur fumigation dosages on activity of browning enzymes and chemical constituents of Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. Boju / 中国中药杂志

This study aims to investigate the influence of the different dosages of sulfur on the quality and the browning enzyme activity of Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. Boju. In this experiment,UV-spectrophotometry was used to determine the activities of browning enzymes,including polyphenol oxidase( PPO) and peroxidase( POD),in 7 different dosages of 0,4,8,16,50,150,200 g·kg~(-1)( weight ratio of sulfur/fresh chrysanthemum). A comprehensively comparison of the 7 chemical constituents of C. morifolium cv. Boju fumigated with 7 different dosage of sulfur was conducted by HPLC analysis. In this paper,the results showed that the activities of PPO and POD enzymes decreased significantly in chrysanthemum processed by sulfur fumigation. The activities of PPO and POD enzymes decreased gradually with the increase of sulfur dosage. When the sulfur dosage was higher than 4 g·kg~(-1),the PPO enzyme was significantly reduced. When the sulfur dosage was higher than 8 g·kg~(-1),the PPO enzyme was completely inactivated. The effect of different sulfur dosage s on the chemical composition was investigated. In comparison,it was found that when the sulfur dosage was 8 g·kg~(-1),the content of chlorogenic acid was higher than the 4 g·kg~(-1) and that of the sample without sulfur fumigation. Thereafter,with the increase of the sulfur dosage,the content of chlorogenic acid was unchanged. It was speculated that when harvesting,the tissue of fresh flower was destroyed,which caused the activation of browning enzymes. Afterwards,the sulfur fumigation could significantly reduce the activity of browning enzymes,which prevented the conversion of phenols in the reaction substrates( chlorogenic acid and 3,5-dicaffeoylquninic acid) into terpenoids,and better retained quinic acid components. However,when the sulfur dosage reached 8 g·kg~(-1) or16 g·kg~(-1),the content of quinic acid components were no longer changed,which indicated that the sulfur dosage had reached the saturated dosage. Similarly,when the sulfur dosage was increased,the contents of flavonoid aglycones showed a downward trend except for luteolin-7-O-glucoside. It was speculated that the sulfur fumigation inhibited the activity of hydrolase,which reduced the hydrolysis of flavonoid glycosides to aglycones. However,the reaction mechanism needed further verification. In conclusion,although sulfur fumigation could significantly inhibit browning,different dosages of sulfur had a significant effect on the chemical composition of C. morifolium cv. Boju,which could affect the consistency of quality and the stability of the therapeutic effect. Excessive use of sulfur was likely to cause a large amount of SO2 residues in C. morifolium cv. Boju,Therefore,different Sulphur dosages had a significant effect on the quality of chrysanthemum,which therefore was not recommended in production. A small dose of sulfur could be used to prevent enzymatic browning. When the dosage of sulfur increased to a certain extent or reached a saturation state,a small dose of sulfur is recommended in necessary. In this paper,the correlation between the sulfur dosage,the enzyme activity,and the main chemical constituents of chrysanthemum was clarified. The experimental research provided the guidance for regulating the harvesting processing of chrysanthemum and the harvesting processing,and improving the quality of chrysanthemum.

Effects of Sulfur Fumigation on Intestinal Absorption of Chrysanthemum Flos / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: In previous studies, it was found that sulfur fumigation had a destructive effect on chemical constituents of Chrysanthemum Flos. To explore the intestinal absorption of Chrysanthemum Flos after sulfur fumigated. METHODS: The everted rat intestinal sacs were used, and the absorbed was analyzed constituents by UPLC-QTof-MS and HPLC. RESULTS: For sulfur fumigated Chrysanthemum Flos, the contents of flavonoid glycosides were declined in intestinal absorption, while the contents of flavonoid aglycones were not obviously increased. CONCLUSION: Sulphur fumigation lead to the changes of Chrysanthemum Flos, which affects its intestinal absorption.

Study on effects of sulfur fumigation on chemical constituents of Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. Boju / 中国中药杂志

A comprehensively comparison of the chemical profiles between sun-drying BJ (NBJ) and sulfur-fumigated BJ (SBJ) was conducted by HPLC analysis and the discrepant peaks were identified or tentatively assigned by HPLC-ESI-MSn. A total of 32 chemical components were used for qualitative comparison. Meanwhile, a quantitative comparison of BJwere conducted by HPLC analysis and determining seven compounds from 3 NBJ and 3 SBJ samples dramatic chemical changes were found. After sulfur fumigation, the contents of flavonoids glycosides and phenolic acids were remarkably reduced, but the contents of flavonoids aglycones were significantly increased. Multivariate statistics, including principle component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminate analysis (PLS-DA) were used to investigate the potential damaging effect of sulfur-fumigating process. The PCA score plots showed six samples were clearly classified into the sun-drying and sulfur-fumigating groups. And according to VIP >1, the most important chemical markers were apigenin, luteolin and 3,5-dicaffeoylquninic acid which could be used to distinguish NBJ and SBJ samples. Combining the results of qualitative and quantitative analysis, it showed that the sulfur fumigation has a significant effect on BJ.