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Background@#The risk of hypertension is known to be higher in single-person households than in multi-person households. This study was performed to investigate the differences in health behaviors of patients with hypertension by household type. @*Methods@#This cross-sectional study used data in the 8th National Health and Nutrition Survey to investigate the lifestyle habits of 3,093 patients with hypertension aged 18 years or above. Health behaviors of single- and multi-person households were analyzed using chi-square test and t-test by gender. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to analyze the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of health behaviors by household type. @*Results@#According to gender, there were differences in demographic distribution and health behaviors between single-person household and multi-person households. The results in the comparison between single- and multi-person households by multivariate logistic analysis showed: single-person households showed a 1.50-fold increase of being a current smoker (OR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.01-2.22) in males, 2.18-fold (OR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.06-4.48) in females. With respect to nutritional intake, women in single person household showed lower intake in various nutrients such as protein, fat, water, fibers, and sodium, as well as total calorie (but not carbohydrate), while men in single person household showed lower intake in fibers only. @*Conclusions@#The results of this study shows that adults in single-person households have an increased risk of being smokers. Also, nutritional support could be necessary. Based on such findings, physicians, nurses and other health professionals are recommended to focus more on health behaviors such as smoking and diet in patients with hypertension, particularly in single households.
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Background@#Weight gain in adults is associated with an increased risk of obesity-related diseases and high healthcare costs. However, there have been limited studies on weight gain in Asians. This study investigated the prevalence, comorbidities, and associated factors of weight gain in the Korean population. @*Methods@#This is a cross-sectional study of Korean adults aged 19–64 years who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey 2016–2019. We used data from 15,514 adults (subjects 1) to analyze the prevalence of weight gain. Finally, after excluding adults with suspicious debilitating conditions among them, 11,477 adults (subjects 2) were used to analyze comorbidities and associated factors. Weight changes and lifestyle factors were assessed using a self-report questionnaire. We analyzed odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals using multivariable logistic regression analysis to examine factors associated with weight gain. @*Results@#The overall prevalence of weight gain was 25.7% in men and 31.3% in women and decreased significantly with age in both sexes. Weight gain of ≥ 6 kg was evident in 10.5% of men and 9.8% of women and was more pronounced with a higher baseline body mass index (BMI). Most metabolic comorbidities worsened the greater the weight gain. Young age was the strongest associated factor for weight gain. Other factors associated with weight gain were being unmarried, blue-collar job, lower income, and alcohol consumption in men;being married in women; smoking and skipping breakfast in both sexes. @*Conclusion@#Weight gain was much more pronounced in younger adults and at a higher baseline BMI in both sexes. Public education and health policies to prevent unnecessary weight gain should be strengthened by considering the associated harmful factors in Korean adults.
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Background@#We investigated whether low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and isolated and non-isolated low HDL-C levels are associated with the risk of cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality among Korean adults. @*Methods@#We included 8,665,841 individuals aged ≥20 years who had undergone a health examination provided by the Korean National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) in 2009 and were followed up until the end of 2018. The hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for study outcomes were calculated using multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression analysis. @*Results@#During the 8.2 years of mean follow-up, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and all-cause mortality occurred in 81,431, 110,996, and 244,309 individuals, respectively. After adjusting for confounding variables (model 3), individuals with low HDL-C and lower HDL quartiles were associated with significantly increased risks of all three outcomes, compared to those with normal HDL-C and highest HDL-C quartile (all P<0.001), respectively. HRs for incident MI (1.28; 95% CI, 1.26 to 1.30), stroke (1.13; 95% CI, 1.11 to 1.15), and all-cause mortality (1.07; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.08) increased in the non-isolated low HDL-C group compared to the normal HDL-C group. Isolated low HDL-C also showed an increase in the HRs of incident stroke (1.06; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.08) and all-cause mortality (1.30; 95% CI, 1.28 to 1.32). @*Conclusion@#Low HDL-C and non-isolated low HDL-C were associated with increased risk of MI, stroke, and all-cause mortality, and isolated low HDL-C was associated with incident stroke and all-cause mortality risk.
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Background@#The burden of disease caused by obesity is high worldwide, and the rate of obesity among adult men in Korea is increasing rapidly. Previous studies have shown that people with abdominal obesity have a higher risk of chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the association between abdominal obesity and the risk of chronic diseases among Korean adults. @*Methods@#Using raw data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016-2020, adults over 19 years of age were selected as research subjects. A chi square independence test was conducted to investigate the basic demographic characteristics of patients with abdominal obesity and the prevalence of chronic diseases. The relationship between abdominal obesity and each chronic disease was verified using multiple logistic regression analysis that adjusted for multiple chronic diseases. @*Results@#The risk of all chronic diseases was higher in the abdominal obesity group than in the non-abdominal obese group. When multiple logistic regression analysis was performed with adjustments for age, gender, education level, income level, smoking, alcohol use and multiple chronic disease, the risk of hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and arthritis was higher in the abdominal obesity group. @*Conclusions@#Abdominal obesity is related to chronic diseases. The management and prevention of abdominal obesity should be emphasized to reduce the risk of chronic diseases.
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Background@#Recent studies have indicated that vitamin D deficiency is associated with diabetes and hypertension in adults. However, this association has not been sufficiently studied in cases of prediabetes and prehypertension. Thus, this study aimed to clarify the relationship between vitamin D levels and prediabetes and prehypertension in Korean adults. @*Methods@#Data from 1,808 adults aged ≥19 years who participated in the 2013–2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were included in this study. The odds ratio of prediabetes and prehypertension according to the 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) status was calculated using multivariable logistic regression analysis. @*Results@#Mean serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly different among females with normal glucose levels, prediabetes, and diabetes mellitus. Further, the mean levels were not significantly different in both males and females of all ages with normal blood pressure, prehypertension, and hypertension. In addition, logistic regression analysis showed that serum 25(OH)D levels were not significantly associated with the odds ratio of prediabetes and prehypertension after adjusting for age, sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, calcium supplement intake, income, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, and fasting glucose. @*Conclusion@#Serum vitamin D status was not independently associated with the risks of prediabetes and prehypertension in Korean adults.
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Background@#Recent evidence has reported the relationships between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) insufficiency and chronic diseases. This study examined the association of physical activity and sitting time with vitamin D status. @*Methods@#This study analyzed the data of 1,598 adults aged ≥19 who participated in the 2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Vitamin D insufficiency was defined as a serum 25(OH)D level of ≤20 ng/mL. The odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of vitamin D insufficiency according to physical activity and sitting time were calculated using a multivariable logistic regression analysis. @*Results@#The mean levels of serum 25(OH)D were 16.5 ng/mL in males and 15.2 ng/mL in females, respectively and was significantly higher in the participants with sitting times of <5 hours/day than those with sitting times of ≥5 hours/day. After adjusting for confounding variables, sitting time of <5 hours/day was associated with decreased odds of vitamin D insufficiency as compared with sitting time of ≥5 hours/day in the total participants and females. In addition, the odds ratio for vitamin D insufficiency was significantly lower in the group with sitting times of <5 hours/ day than in the group with sitting times of ≥5 hours/day even among people with low physical activity in the total participants and females. @*Conclusion@#Serum 25(OH)D level was insufficient in the Korean adults and shorter sitting time was related to lower odds ratio of vitamin D insufficiency. Our findings suggest that sitting time is an independent factor of serum vitamin D status.
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Background@#The relationship between solitary life and multimorbidity among older people in Korea is not clear.We aimed to examine the association between solitary life and the prevalence of multimorbidity among Korean older people. @*Methods@#We analyzed the data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Ⅶ(2016-2018) using multivariable logistic regression analysis. The study included 4,244 individuals aged ≥60 years. @*Results@#Multimorbidity was reported in 31.0% of the participants. The rate of multimorbidity was significantly higher in older people living alone compared to those living with their families. After adjusting for confounding variables such as age, sex, smoking status, alcohol consumption, body mass index (BMI), educational level, and personal income, older people living alone were significantly associated with higher risks of having multimorbidity compared to those living with their families (odds ratio, 1.24; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-1.48). @*Conclusions@#Since there is a risk of multimorbidity in older people living alone, it is necessary to examine whether multimorbidity exists in older people living alone.
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Background@#Recently, single-person households have increased in Korea and this trend may have potential public health implications and affect various health behaviors. This study investigated the associations between living alone and health behaviors such as smoking and alcohol consumption among Korean adults. @*Methods@#We used data from the 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2013 and 2015 and a total of 17,088 adults were included. We performed a multivariable logistic regression analysis and calculated odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). @*Results@#Single-person households accounted for about 10% of the total participants. The proportions of currently smoking and heavy alcohol consumption were higher among individuals living alone than those living together among younger women and middle-aged and elderly men and women. In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, living alone was associated with increased odds of currently smoking compared to living together among middle-aged men and women (OR, 7.37; 95% CI, 2.33–23.32 in men and OR, 2.36; 95% CI, 1.04–5.36 in women) after adjusting for confounding variables. @*Conclusion@#From this nationwide, population-based study, we found that living alone is associated with increased odds of currently smoking, especially in middle-aged people. Public health concerns may be warranted for middle-aged single-person households to reduce health risks related to smoking.
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We investigated associations between breastfeeding duration and number of children breastfed and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and glycemic control among parous women. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of data for 9,960 parous women from the Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (2010 to 2013). Having ever breastfed was inversely associated with prevalent T2DM (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 0.60; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.42 to 0.87). All ranges of total and average breastfeeding duration showed inverse associations with T2DM. Even short periods of breastfeeding were inversely associated with T2DM (adjusted OR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.38 to 0.99 for a total breastfeeding duration ≤12 months; adjusted OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.42 to 0.99 for an average breastfeeding duration per child ≤6 months). A longer duration of breastfeeding was associated with better glycemic control in parous women with T2DM (P trend=0.004 for total breastfeeding duration; P trend <0.001 for average breastfeeding duration per child). Breastfeeding may be associated with a lower risk of T2DM and good glycemic control in parous women with T2DM. Breastfeeding may be a feasible method to prevent T2DM and improve glycemic control.
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Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Glucemia , Lactancia Materna , Estudios Transversales , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Corea (Geográfico) , Lactancia , Métodos , Oportunidad RelativaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: This study investigated the effect of fine dust concentrations in the air on the incidence of viral respiratory infections in the Republic of Korea.METHODS: A time series analysis using R statistics was performed to determine the relationship between weekly concentrations of fine dust in the air and the incidences of acute respiratory tract infections caused by the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus (HAdV), rhinovirus (HRV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), human coronavirus (HCoV), human bocavirus (HBoV), human parainfluenza virus (HPIV), and influenza virus (IFV), from the beginning of 2016 to the end of 2017. Correlations between various meteorological factors and the amount of fine dust were analyzed using the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. To analyze the relationship between viral infections and fine dust, a quasi-poisson analysis was performed.RESULTS: The incidence of the HAdV was proportional to fine dust and air temperature. The IFV was proportional to fine dust and relative humidity and was inversely proportional to temperature. The HMPV was proportional to fine dust, wind speed, and inversely proportional to relative humidity. The HCoV was proportional to micro dust, relative humidity, and inversely proportional to temperature. Both the HBoV and HPIV were directly proportional to fine dust, temperature, wind speed, and inversely proportional to relative humidity. The RSV was inversely proportional to fine dust, temperature, wind speed. A lag effect was observed for the influenza virus, in that its incidence increased 2–3 weeks later on the cumulative lag model.CONCLUSION: As the weekly average concentration of fine dust increases, the incidence of HAdV, HMPV, HCoV, HBoV, HPIV, and influenza increase.
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Humanos , Adenoviridae , Contaminación del Aire , Coronavirus , Polvo , Bocavirus Humano , Humedad , Incidencia , Gripe Humana , Metapneumovirus , Conceptos Meteorológicos , Orthomyxoviridae , Infecciones por Paramyxoviridae , Material Particulado , República de Corea , Trastornos Respiratorios , Virus Sincitiales Respiratorios , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio , Rhinovirus , VientoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Eating breakfast is important for optimal growth and development in adolescence, and is associated with academic achievement as well as nutrition and health status. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between breakfast consumption frequency and high school students' academic achievement.METHODS: We used data from the 2017 Korea Youth's Risk Behavior Web-Based Study, conducted by the Korean Center for Disease Control (64,991 students). The relationship between academic achievement and breakfast consumption frequency was examined using logistic regression.RESULTS: Students who consumed breakfast frequently exhibited higher academic achievement as compared to their counterparts. There was a significant correlation between awareness of appropriate eating habits and breakfast consumption frequency. Further, students who had not received any education about eating habits exhibited low academic achievement.CONCLUSION: To improve the academic achievement of students, they should be motivated to eat breakfast every day. Additionally, appropriate education about eating habits need to be implemented at schools and at home to increase students' breakfast consumption frequency.