The Relationship between Physical Discomfort, Burnout, Depression, Social Supports and Emotional Labor of Clinical Nurses in Korea / 임상간호연구

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the reality, status of clinical nurses' emotional labor and the relationship with physical discomfort, burnout, depression and social support. METHODS: A thousand three hundred sixteen clinical nurses from 42 hospitals nationwide participated in this study. Questionnaires were developed for evaluating the reality and status of emotional labor of clinical nurses after interviewing focus groups and reviewing literatures. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Ninety eight percent of nurses had answered having emotional labor and they experienced 82 times per year, 9.6 times during last a month which means they experience it every other day. The one who provoke emotional labor were patients, guardians, physicians, supervisor, and colleagues in sequence. Eighty percent of nurses had intention to leave their jobs after experiencing emotional labor. They were doing more surface acting than deep acting of emotional labor. CONCLUSION: Clinical nurses in Korea experienced excessively high level of emotional labor and delayed responding to clients' requests due to lack of time for caring each patient was revealed as one of the main causes of emotional labor.

Effects of Workplace Bullying, Job Stress, Self-esteem, and Burnout on the Intention of University Hospital Nurses to Keep Nursing Job / 간호행정학회지

PURPOSE: Medical institutions and their patients benefit from continued employment of nurses. In this study an assessment was done of important factors that influence nurses' intention to leaving their jobs. METHODS: The sample consisted of 229 university hospital nurses. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffé, Pearson's Correlation Analysis, and Hierarchical Multiple Regression. RESULTS: The control variables, including age, current position, and health status explained 18% (F=16.37, p<.001) of variance in retention intention. The control variables, bullying, job stress, self-esteem, and burnout collectively explained 27% of variance in retention intention. CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that the factors influencing retention intention are age, current position, and health status, while self-esteem and burnout in work places are new and more recent factors that impact retention intention. These findings can be utilized to develop strategies to increase self-esteem and retention intention.

Analysis of Parenting Stress, Coping and the Quality of Life for the Mother of Children Suffering from Epilepsy / 대한소아신경학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify factors affecting the parenting stress, coping and the quality of life for the mother of children suffering from epilepsy. METHODS: Research subjects were 176 mothers of a child between 0 to 12 years old, who visited pediatric neurology department at a general hospital in Seoul. The data were collected between October 1, 2015 and October 20, 2015. The questionnaire was composed of a total of 75 questions: 36 questions on parenting stress, 13 questions on coping ability, and 26 questions on quality of life. The collected data were analyzed by Cronbach's α, percentage, mean, frequency, standard deviation, ANOVA, Pearson's correlations, t-test, Scheffe post hoc test, and Hierarchical regression analysis using SPSS WIN 22.0 program. RESULTS: 1) The mean scores of the parenting stress, coping ability and quality of life were 2.47±0.68, 3.83±1.29, 3.23±0.60. 2) The subjects showed significant differences in parenting stress depending on their occupation, monthly income, age of the child, the child's age at the time of epilepsy diagnosis, frequency of the child's seizure, the child's developmental delay, and the child's exposure to other disease and brain damage among general characteristics of the subjects. 3) Correlation analysis resulted in negative correlation between the parenting stress and quality of life, and positive correlation between coping ability and quality of life. 4) Regression analysis found that parenting stress and coping are the factors affecting quality of life. Finally, the model containing both parenting stress and coping explained 52.41% of variation in quality of life, and parenting stress had the highest influence. CONCLUSION: nursing intervention and educational program should be developed to improve the quality of life in the mother of children with epilepsy. Furthermore, governmental support is required to help with reducing parenting stress to better the quality of life for the mother.

Analysis of Parenting Stress, Coping and the Quality of Life for the Mother of Children Suffering from Epilepsy / 대한소아신경학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify factors affecting the parenting stress, coping and the quality of life for the mother of children suffering from epilepsy. METHODS: Research subjects were 176 mothers of a child between 0 to 12 years old, who visited pediatric neurology department at a general hospital in Seoul. The data were collected between October 1, 2015 and October 20, 2015. The questionnaire was composed of a total of 75 questions: 36 questions on parenting stress, 13 questions on coping ability, and 26 questions on quality of life. The collected data were analyzed by Cronbach's α, percentage, mean, frequency, standard deviation, ANOVA, Pearson's correlations, t-test, Scheffe post hoc test, and Hierarchical regression analysis using SPSS WIN 22.0 program. RESULTS: 1) The mean scores of the parenting stress, coping ability and quality of life were 2.47±0.68, 3.83±1.29, 3.23±0.60. 2) The subjects showed significant differences in parenting stress depending on their occupation, monthly income, age of the child, the child's age at the time of epilepsy diagnosis, frequency of the child's seizure, the child's developmental delay, and the child's exposure to other disease and brain damage among general characteristics of the subjects. 3) Correlation analysis resulted in negative correlation between the parenting stress and quality of life, and positive correlation between coping ability and quality of life. 4) Regression analysis found that parenting stress and coping are the factors affecting quality of life. Finally, the model containing both parenting stress and coping explained 52.41% of variation in quality of life, and parenting stress had the highest influence. CONCLUSION: nursing intervention and educational program should be developed to improve the quality of life in the mother of children with epilepsy. Furthermore, governmental support is required to help with reducing parenting stress to better the quality of life for the mother.

Factors Influencing Intention of Vietnamese to Use Korean Medical Tourism / 간호행정학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify factors related to Vietnamese customers who use Korean medical and tourism services. The study was based on the Anderson Models METHODS: Participants were 173 Vietnamese who were living in Ho Chi Minh and Hanoi in Vietnam. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, χ², t-test and Multiple Logistic Regression. RESULTS: Research necessary factors had the most significant effect among the preceding factors, possible factors and necessary factors. Human service and outstanding natural beauty of necessary factors had significant influence on customer intention to use. According to the result of the stepwise logistic regression analysis, the most important item in medical services was human service OR=1.89 (p=.014), and for tour services, outstanding natural beauty OR=4.30 (p=.033). The explained variance for customer intention to use was 91.9%. CONCLUSION: These results suggest the need to improve the human service and outstanding natural beauty to retain customers' intention to use.

Role of Self-leadership and Social Support in the Relationship between Job Embeddedness and Job Performance among General Hospital Nurses / 간호행정학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship of nurses' job performance with job embeddedness, self-leadership and social support and the role of self-leadership and social support in the relation between job embeddedness and job performance among general hospital nurses. METHODS: The participants for this study were 244 nurses from 3 general hospitals in Seoul and Gyunggi Province. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe test, Pearson correlation and Hierarchical Multiple Regression. RESULTS: Job performance showed positive correlations with job embeddedness (r=.56, p<.001), self-leadership(r=.68, p<.001), organizational support (r=.30, p<.001), supervisors' support (r=.31, p<.001) and colleagues' support (r=.31, p<.001). Job embeddedness and self-leadership had significant influence on nurses' job performance. However self-leadership and social support did not show moderating effects of job embeddedness on nurses' job performance. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that job embeddednes and self-leadership are important factors to enhance nurses' job performance. Therefore, promoting activities for job embeddedness and self-leadership might be a way to increase nurses' job performance. As there was no moderating effects of self-leadership and social support on job embeddedness and job performance, further studies are necessary to refine these findings in different environments.

Factors Influencing Chinese Customers' Loyalty to Korean Medical and Tourism Services / 간호행정학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify factors related to the loyalty of Chinese customers who use Korean medical and tourism services. METHODS: Participants were 158 Chinese who visited plastic surgery clinics in Korea. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, One-way ANOVA, Scheffe? test, Pearson Correlation and Hierachical Multiple Regression. RESULTS: Medical service quality, tourism service quality and medical and service satisfaction were positively correlated with customer loyalty. Medical service quality and medical and tourism service satisfaction had significant influence on customer loyalty. The explained variance for customer loyalty was 84.9%. CONCLUSION: These results suggest the need to improve the tourism service and medical and tourism service satisfaction to retain loyal customers.

Structural Equation Modeling on Burnout in Clinical Nurses based on CS-CF Model

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to construct and test a structural equation modeling on burnout of clinical nurses based on CS-CF model. METHODS: A survey using a structured questionnaire was conducted with 557 clinical nurses. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. RESULTS: The modified hypothetical model yielded the following chi2=289.70, p<.001, RMSEA=.09, GFI=.93, TLI=.91, CFI=.94, PCFI=.65, AIC=363.21, SRMR=.05 or less and showed good fit indices. Nursing work environment, patient safety culture and resilience showed indirect effects on burnout while compassion fatigue and compassion satisfaction had direct effects. CONCLUSION: Results of this study suggest that compassion fatigue must be decreased and compassion satisfaction has to be increased, while burnout is lowered by enhancing the clinical nursing work environment, patient safety culture and resilience. In addition, more variables and longitudinal studies are necessary to validate the clear cause-and-effect relationship between the relevant variables.

Roles of Empowerment and Emotional Intelligence in the Relationship between Job Embeddedness and Turnover Intension among General Hospital Nurses / 간호행정학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the roles of empowerment and emotional intelligence in the relationship between job embeddedness and turnover intension among general hospital nurses. METHODS: The sample for this study consisted of 224 nurses from four general hospitals of less than 500 beds located in Seoul and Gyunggi Province. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe test, Pearson Correlation and Hierarchical Multiple Regression. RESULTS: It was found that: (a) Job embeddedness and emotional intelligence had negative effects on turnover intension; (b) Emotional intelligence moderated the relationship between job embeddedness and turnover intension, but empowerment did not. CONCLUSION: Findings indicate a need to reduce the degree of turnover by enhancing job embeddedness among general hospital nurses. Further research needs to be done to refine this study.

Risk Factors for Surgical Site Infections According to Electronic Medical Records Data / 기본간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the risk factors that influence surgical site infections after surgery. METHODS: This study was a retrospective research utilizing Electronic Medical Records. Data collection targeted 4,510 adult patients who had 8 different kinds of surgery (gastric surgery, colon surgery, laparoscopic cholecystectomy, hip & knee replacement, hysterectomy, cesarean section, cardiac surgery) in 4 medical care departments, at one general hospital between January 2006 and December 2011. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify the risk factors affecting surgical site infections after surgery. RESULTS: Risk factors for increased surgical site infection following surgery were confirmed to be age (OR=1.59, p<.001), BMI (Body Mass Index)(OR=1.25, p=.034), year of operation (OR=2.45, p<.001), length of operation (OR=3.06, p<.001), ASA (American Society of Anesthesiology) score (OR=1.36, p=.025), classification of antibiotic used (OR=2.77, p<.001), duration of the prophylactic antibiotics use (OR=1.85, p<.001), and interaction between classification of antibiotic used and duration of the prophylactic antibiotics use (OR=1.90, p=.016). CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that risk factors affecting surgical site infections should be monitored before surgery. The results of this study should contribute to establishing effective infection management measures and implementing surveillance systems for patients who have actual risk factors.

Factors Associated With Oral Health Related-quality of Life in Elderly Persons: Applying Andersen's Model / 기본간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was done to apply Andersen's behavioral model to identify factors that determine oral health-related quality of life in elderly persons. METHODS: Participants were 257 people ages 65 years or older. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean and hierarchical multiple regression. RESULTS: The variables in the behavioral model, predisposing factors, enabling factors and need factors, explained 31% (F=12.7, p<.001) of variance in oral health-related quality of life. The predisposing factors, enabling factors, need factors and health behavior collectively explained 35% (F=9.22, p<.001) of variance in oral health-related quality of life. Factors influencing oral health-related quality of life in older adults were ADL and IADL, self-reported oral health status, xerostomia and dental care in last 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis results showed that the need factor had the highest level of relative importance of the three factors. The model used for this study can be used to predict oral health-related quality of life.

Clinical Nurses' Experience of Positive Organizational Culture / 간호행정학회지

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to explore clinical nurses' experience of positive organizational culture in order to provide data for effective strategies of acquisition and retention of competent nurses. METHODS: In this qualitative study, interviews with four focus groups of four to six nurses, 19 in total, were held. Compositional factors in groups included clinical experience, age, work place, and position. Interviews proceeded until data were saturated. RESULTS: Fifteen sub-themes, categorized into six themes, emerged. Positive organizational culture themes included "Helping nurses to be organization members", "Allowing nurses to communicate with one another", "Helping nurses take an initiative to lead organization", "Having competent leader take charge of organization", "Enabling nurses to achieve organizational changes", and "Leading nurses to accomplish organizational performance." CONCLUSION: Results indicate that positive organizational culture is related to increases in occupational satisfaction and decreases in turnover through supportive organizational culture which makes it possible to reinvest expenses required for training new members to promoting quality growth in the organization and the prestige of professional nurses. In order to improve occupational satisfaction and sustained growth in nurses, it is necessary to provide nurses with positive work environments and require members to make active efforts leading to strategic changes.

Gender Differences in Oral Health Literacy related Factors among Elderly People

PURPOSE: This study is to measure oral health literacy levels and to identify oral health literacy related factors in elders. METHODS: The research design for this study was a descriptive survey design using convenience samples. Data collection was done by using a self-report questionnaire with 321 elders from three welfare centers for the aged and two senior centers located in three cities. Data were analyzed by using percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe, Pearson's Correlation Analysis and hierarchical multiple regression with the SPSS Win 18.0 Program. RESULTS: The oral health literacy scores of male elders were higher than those of female elders (t=9.73, p=.002). In hierarchical multiple regression analysis, education levels, smoking and oral health statuses were significant predictors and accounted for 29.8% of the male elders' oral health literacy. For female elders, education levels, health statuses and oral health statuses were significant predictors and accounted for 47.7%. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that interventions for improving oral health literacy are necessary to enhance elders' ability of self-care management. Also, these results could be used in developing oral health literacy programs.

Analysis of Burnout and Job Satisfaction among Nurses Based on the Job Demand-Resource Model

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine burnout and job satisfaction among nurses based on Job Demand-Resource Model. METHODS: A survey using a structured questionnaire was conducted with 464 hospital nurses. Analysis of data was done with both SPSS Win 17.0 for descriptive statistics and AMOS 18.0 for the structural equation model. RESULTS: The hypothetical model yielded the following Chi-square=34.13 (p = <.001), df=6, GFI=.98, AGFI=.92, CFI=.94, RMSR=.02, NFI=.93, IFI=.94 and showed good fit indices. Workload had a direct effect on emotional exhaustion (beta = 0.39), whereas supervisor support had direct effects on emotional exhaustion (beta = -0.24), depersonalization (beta = -0.11), and low personal accomplishment (beta = -0.22). Emotional exhaustion (beta = -0.42), depersonalization (beta = -0.11) and low personal accomplishment (beta = -0.36) had significant direct effects on job satisfaction. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that nurses' workload should be decreased and supervisor's support should be increased in order to retain nurses. Further study with a longitudinal design is necessary.

An Empirical Study on Burnout in Clinical Nurses: Focused on Bullying and Negative Affectivity / 간호행정학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of bullying, negative affectivity and burnout in the nurses. METHODS: The sample consisted of 389 nurses. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe, Pearson Correlation Analysis and Hierarchical Multiple Regression. RESULTS: The control variables of age, marital status, education level, current position, health status and work unit explained 30.2%(F=28.9, p<.001) of variance in burnout. The control variables, bullying and negative affectivity collectively explained 49.7% of variance in burnout. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the demographic factors influencing burnout are age, education level, health status, work unit, while bullying and negative affectivity in the work places are factors that influence burnout. These findings can be utilized to develop strategies to reduce bullying and negative affectivity.

Effects of Work Stress, Compassion Fatigue, and Compassion Satisfaction on Burnout in Clinical Nurses / 간호행정학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of work stress, compassion fatigue and compassion satisfaction on burnout in clinical nurses. METHODS: The sample consisted of 268 nurses from two general hospitals located in Seoul and Gyunggi province. Data were analyzed using frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviations, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe, Pearson Correlation and Hierarchial Multiple Regression. RESULTS: Compassion fatigue had a significant positive effect on burnout, while Compassion satisfaction had a negative effect on burnout. The explained variance for burnout was 49% and compassion satisfaction was the most significant factor in burnout of nurses. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the factors influencing nurses' burnout are work stress, compassion fatigue and compassion satisfaction. Therefore strategies to decrease work stress and compassion fatigue and to enhance compassion satisfaction for nurses are needed.

Structural Equation Modeling on Life-world Integration in People with Severe Burns

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to construct and test a structural equation modeling on life-world integration in people with severe burns. METHODS: A survey design was used. Data were collected in 2008 from 376 people who had experienced severe burns using questionnaires. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. RESULTS: The fitness parameters of the modified model (chi2/df = 3.15, goodness of fit: .91, normal fit index: .93, Tucker Lewis Index: .93, root mean square error of approximation: .07, root mean square residual: .04, and comparative fit index: .95) indicated its suitability as the research model. Physical function directly influenced burn factor, and family support indirectly influenced life-world integration. CONCLUSION: Physical function should be directly improved to adjust to life-world integration. A comprehensive integration approach is also necessary to help people with severe burns successfully return to society.

Factors affecting Quality of Life according to BMI of Women College Students / 기본간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify factors affecting quality of life according to Body Mass Index (BMI) of women college students. METHODS: The research design was a descriptive survey design using a convenience sampling. Data were collected using self-report questionnaires. Participants were 348 women college students. Data analysis was done using SPSS/WIN 18.0 program for descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients and hierarchial multiple regression. RESULTS: According to BMI, 3 groups of students were identified. Differences between the groups for quality of life were significant. The major factors affecting quality of life in the underweight group were departments (college), body stress and ego-resilience which explained 27.9% of the variance in quality of life. Body stress and ego-resilience were significant predictors explaining 23.1% of the variance in quality of life in the normal weight group. Ego-resilience was also a significant predictor in the overweight group explaining 15.2% of the variance in quality of life. CONCLUSION: Findings indicate a need to decrease body stress and strengthen ego-resilience to improve quality of life of women college students. Further studies are needed to examine nursing intervention strategies for improving quality of life for women college students.

Effects of Social Support and Emotional Intelligence in the Relationship between Emotional Labor and Burnout among Clinical Nurses / 간호행정학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of social support and emotional intelligence in the relationship between emotional labor and burnout among clinical nurses. METHODS: The sample for this study consisted of 382 nurses from four hospitals located in Seoul or Gyunggi Province. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe test, Pearson Correlation, Hierarchical Multiple Regression, and Path Analysis. RESULTS: It was found that: (a) emotional labor had a positive effect on burnout, while social support and emotional intelligence had negative effects on burnout; (b) social support and emotional intelligence moderated the relationship between emotional labor and burnout, and (c) social support mediated the relationship between emotional labor and burnout, whereas emotional intelligence did not. CONCLUSION: The results of the study indicate that high levels of support had a buffering effect and mitigated the negative effects of the emotional labor on burnout. Therefore, strategies to enhance social support for nurses are needed and further research needs to be done to refine this study.

Effects of Compassion Satisfaction and Social Support in the Relationship between Compassion Fatigue and Burnout in Hospital Nurses

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of compassion satisfaction and social support in the relationship between compassion fatigue and burnout among hospital nurses. METHODS: The participants were 430 nurses working in general hospitals. Data were collected with self-administrated questionnaires and analyzed by hierarchical multiple regression. RESULTS: (a) Compassion fatigue had a significant positive effect on burnout; (b) social support and compassion satisfaction had negative effects on burnout, and (c) social support and compassion satisfaction did not moderate the effects of compassion fatigue on burnout. CONCLUSION: These findings provide strong empirical evidence for the importance of compassion fatigue, compassion satisfaction and social support in explaining burnout of nurses. Also, it would be of great value to further define compassion fatigue and compassion satisfaction even though these concepts are not accepted in the realities of health care.