Position Statement: Exercise Guidelines for Osteoporosis Management and Fall Prevention in Osteoporosis Patients

Background@#The effectiveness of exercise for improving osteoporosis and fall prevention in patients diagnosed with osteoporosis or osteopenia has not been fully summarized. The Korean Society for Bone and Mineral Research and the Korean Society of Exercise Physiology has developed exercise guidelines for patients with osteoporosis or osteopenia and provide evidence-based recommendations. @*Methods@#A systematic review identified randomized controlled trials (RCT) assessing the effect of resistance, impact, balance, aerobic training, and physical activity in osteoporosis and osteopenia on bone quality, physical performance, quality of life, and fall prevention. PubMed, Embase, KoreaMed, and RISS were searched from January 2000 to August 2022. Ten key questions were established to review the evidence and formulate recommendations. @*Results@#The 50 RCTs reported that even with osteoporosis and osteopenia, resistance and impact training consistently maximized bone strength, improved body strength and balance, and eventually reduced fall incidences. Resistance exercise combining 3 to 10 types of free weight and mechanical exercise of major muscle groups performed with an intensity of 50% to 85% 1-repetition maximum, 5 to 12 repetitions/set, 2 to 3 days/week, for 3 to 12 months is recommended. Impact exercises such as jumping chin-ups with drop landings and jump rope performed 50 jumps/session for at least 6 months with 3 or more days/week are recommended. @*Conclusions@#A multi-component exercise mainly comprised of resistance and impact exercise seems to be an effective strategy to attenuate the risk factors of osteoporosis and osteopenia. The integration of exercise guidelines and individualized exercise plans has significant potential to reduce the morbidity and mortality of osteoporosis.

Neuroprotective Effects of Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Transplantation in Combination With Treadmill Exercise Following Traumatic Brain Injury / 대한배뇨장애요실금학회지

PURPOSE: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes cognitive impairments, motor deficits, and neuropsychiatric/behavioral deficits problems. Transplantation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) facilitates functional recovery from brain insults. Treadmill exercise increases neurogenesis and inhibits apoptosis. In this study, we investigated the effects of BMSC transplantation in combination with treadmill exercise on memory function, by evaluating its effect on neurogenesis and apoptosis in the hippocampus following TBI. METHODS: TBI was induced using an electromagnetic-controlled cortical impact device. BMSCs were transplanted into both sides of traumatic scar region 1 week after TBI induction. One week after transplantation of BMSCs, the rats in the exercise groups were trained to run on a treadmill for 30 minutes once daily for 28 days. Step-down avoidance task and radial 8-arm maze test were conducted. Levels of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine and caspase-3 were evaluated using immunohistochemistry. Western blot was used to evaluate the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), tyrosine kinase B (TrkB), total-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (t-ERK1/2), phosphorylated-ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2), Bcl-2, and Bax. RESULTS: TBI deteriorated memory function, suppressed neurogenesis, and accelerated apoptosis in the hippocampus. Treadmill exercise and BMSC transplantation independently improved memory function by increasing neurogenesis with suppression of apoptosis through the BDNF-ERK pathway in the TBI-induced rats. Combination of BMSC transplantation with treadmill exercise showed additional enhancement of neurogenesis and suppression of apoptosis in the hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS: The present study shows that treadmill exercise may aid the therapeutic effect of BMSC transplantation on TBI in rats.

The Different Expression of BRAF(V600E) Mutation in Patients with Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas Coexisting with or without Benign Thyroid Nodules / 대한내분비외과학회지

PURPOSE: BRAF(V600E) mutation is the most common genetic alteration in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and has been associated with poor prognostic factors. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the frequency of the BRAF mutation in PTC with and without benign thyroid nodules (BN). METHODS: 98 DNA samples were extracted from frozen tissues of 51 PTC and 47 BN specimens of 70 patients and were divided into four group: PTC with BN, PTC alone, BN with PTC and BN alone group. We investigated the BRAF mutation by sequencing and clinicopathologic characteristics. RESULTS: Total positive rate of BRAF mutation was 23.5% in the two PTC groups. That rate of the PTC with BN group was 10.7% and the PTC alone group was 39.1%. Positive rate in the PTC with BN group was lesser than the PTC alone group and had statistically difference (P=0.02). The positive rate of BRAF mutation was 7.1% in the BN with PTC group and 5.3% in the BN alone group. Positive rate in these two group was not statistically different (P=0.80). CONCLUSION: The frequency of BRAF mutation in PTC with concurrent BN was lower than in PTC alone. This result suggests that the effect of BRAF mutation is lesser associated with PTCs with BN than PTC alone group.

Effects of Cholesterol Diet and Exercise on Plasma and Liver Lipids, Platelet Aggregation and Erythrocyte Na Efflux in Rats

Present study was conducted to investigate the effects of exercise and cholesterol diet on plasma and liver lipids, platelet aggregation, erythrocyte Na efflux and liver index such as GOT and GPT using Sprague Dawley rats. Forty rats were divided into four groups and fed control or 0.5% cholesterol diet with and without treadmill for six weeks. The final body weight of group fed cholesterol diet with exercise was somewhat decreased compared with group fed cholesterol diet without exercise. L.W/B.W ratio was significantly increased in groups fed cholesterol diet (p < 0.01), but exercise tended to decrease this ratio. Plasma total cholesterol was significantly increased and HDL-cholesterol was decreased in groups fed cholesterol diet (p < 0.01). Plasma triglyceride was significantly decreased in groups fed cholesterol diet compared with groups fed control diet (p < 0.01). Plasma triglyceride of groups with exercise was significantly decreased compared with their non exercising counterparts regardless diet (p < 0.05). Liver total cholesterol and triglyceride was significantly increased in groups fed cholesterol diet (p < 0.01), but exercise did not affect on these levels. Na-K ATPase was somewhat decreased in groups fed cholesterol diet, and exercise tended to recover the reduced Na-K ATPase. Na passive transport was significantly decreased in group fed control diet without exercise and significantly increased in group fed cholesterol diet with exercise, there were significant differences between groups (p < 0.05). There were no differences in total Na efflux and intracellular Na among groups, and total Na efflux was not correlated with intracellular Na. Hematocrit was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in group fed cholesterol diet without exercise compared with other groups. Platelet aggregation in the initial slope and the maximum was increased in groups fed cholesterol diet, but not statistically significant. Exercise especially increased the initial slope of aggregation. Plasma GOT and GPT was significantly increased in groups fed cholesterol diet (p < 0.01), and exercise in group fed cholesterol diet significantly decreased both GOT and GPT compared with the non exercising counterpart (p < 0.01). This study showed that cholesterol diet increases plasma and liver lipids and GOT and GPT, and exercise improves plasma and liver lipid profile and liver index of GOT and GPT preventing fatty liver.

In vitro Antifungal Activities of Several Disinfectants Against Candida Species / 대한의진균학회지

BACKGROUND: The increased incidence of fungemia by hospital-acquired infection necessitates reevaluation of fungicidal activities of antiseptics and disinfectants. OBJECTIVE: We examined the candidacidal activity of several disinfectants including ethanol, phenol, povidone-iodine, and methanol which has been used commonly in the hospital. Candidal species tested were Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis and Candida guillermondii. METHODS: All candidial stains were cultured in Sabouraud-dextrose agar (SDA), and the spore numbers of them were measured by a hemocytometer. After candidial suspensions were mixed with disinfectants of different concentration for 30 second, they were washed with physiologic saline to remove disinfectants. The suspensions were adjusted into 1x10(4) cfu/ml and were cultured in SDA at 30 degrees C for 72 hours. Minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) was defined as the minimum concentration of a disinfectant to effect no growth of candidial strains. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was defined as the minimum concentration of a disinfectant to effect minimum growth of candidial strains. RESULTS: Our results showed that MFCs of candidial strains were 30~45% in Ethanol, 40~55% in methanol, 0.025~0.06% in povidon-iodine and 1~2% in phenol. All strains tested were killed by ethanol, methanol and povidone-iodine within 2 min at MIC, except phenol. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, concentrations of disinfectants generally used in the hospital are sufficient to kill candidial strains. Careful procedure should be done in mycologic studies to eliminate the fungicidal effect of disinfectants.