Reform and Practice of Ideological and Political Education of Core Courses of Biopharmaceutical Specialty———Taking The Course of Biotechnology Pharmacy as An Example / 中国生物化学与分子生物学报

As mentioned in this paper, the curriculum team of biotechnological pharmaceutics in Binzhou University reoriented the curriculum objective based on the educational policy: fostering virtue through education and consolidating fundamental spirit and soul. Additionally, the team drew on cutting-edge scientific and technological developments, social hotspots, national spirit, innovative thinking, dedication spirit and other elements, conducted in-depth study on the ideological and political elements of the subject and organically integrated them with the contents such as genetic engineering, cellular engineering, fermentation engineering, enzyme engineering, protein engineering, and established online and offline ideological and political database. Furthermore, with the aid of teaching apps like ‘Rain Classroom’, the teaching models include lecture, case-based teaching, group discussion, and blended teaching for the subject. In the meantime, the ideological and political educational requirements were integrated into the curriculum evaluation system. Taking the genetic engineering pharmaceutics as an example, reform and practice for the ideological and political education for the undergraduate subject, biotechnological pharmaceutics, was applied. This paper expatiated the teaching practice of the ideological and political education, and reviewed the outcomes of the curriculum reform over these years in an effort to formulate a set of all-round programs for the reform and practice of the ideological and political education that can be replicated and improved continuously. This paper aims not only in developing high-caliber biomedical talents with a strong sense of patriotism and social responsibility, but also in providing a reference for the teaching reform of related subjects.

Risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus death attributed to insufficient whole grain intake in seven regions of China, 2005-2018 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To estimate the risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) death attributed to insufficient whole grain intake in seven regions of China from 2005 to 2018. Methods: Based on China National Nutrition and Health Surveys and China Adult Chronic Disease and Nutrition Surveillance, ordinary Kriging method and locally weighted regression were used to estimate the level of whole grain intake of Chinese residents from 2005 to 2018. Based on the results of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 and Chronic Diseases Risk Factors Surveillance in China, we calculated the population attributable fraction (PAF), attributable death number and attributable mortality rate of T2DM due to insufficient whole grain intake in people aged ≥20 years in different regions of China, and we used the 2010 Chinese census data to compare the changes in T2DM deaths attributed to insufficient intake of whole grains in seven regions of China. Results: The whole grain intake levels of Chinese people over 20 years old in 2002, 2010 and 2015 were 19.0 g/d, 14.3 g/d and 19.8 g/d, respectively. The estimated overall whole grain intake level was 20.1 g/d in Chinese residents in 2018, and the intake level was 19.4 g/d in men and 20.8 g/d in women. Among the seven regions, the intake level was highest in northern China (47.4 g/d) and lowest in southwestern China (6.0 g/d). In 2018, the PAF was lowest in northern China (12.8%) and highest in southwestern China (19.3%). From 2005 to 2018, the PAF varied in the seven regions, and the PAF in northeastern China fluctuated around 18.5%. Other regions showed downward trends, especially in northern China and northwestern China, decreased by 26.4% and 21.2%, respectively. Over the past 14 years, the number of attributable deaths in the seven regions showed upward trends, with the highest annual average growth rate of 6.7% in southern China and the lowest annual average growth rate of 2.4% in northern China. In 2018, the standardized T2DM mortality rate attributed to insufficient whole grain intake in China was 3.13/100 000, and the attributable mortality was 3.21/100 000 in men and 3.05/100 000 in women. The standardized attributable mortality rate was highest in southwestern China (3.97/100 000) and lowest in northern China (1.78/100 000). From 2005 to 2018, the standardized attributable mortality rate increased by 11.5% in men and decreased by 8.1% in women. The standardized attributable mortality rate in southwestern, southern and central China increased by 23.7%, 21.3% and 4.2%, respectively. The standardized attributable mortality rate in northern, northwestern, eastern and northeastern China decreased by 20.9%, 11.0%, 4.5% and 3.9%, respectively. Conclusion: The whole grain intake level of Chinese residents was low, and the whole grain intake of residents in all seven regions should be increased, especially in the southwest, and men should have more whole grain intake than women to reduce the death risk in patients with T2DM.

Experiences of traumatic events, knowledge and attitudes concerning post-traumatic stress disorder, and resilience among nurses and paramedics working in emergency department / 한국간호교육학회지

Purpose@#This study aimed to assess exposure to traumatic events, knowledge and attitudes concerning post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the level of resilience among nurses and paramedics working in emergency departments. @*Methods@#Data were collected from May 22 to June 12, 2022, using a self-administered survey questionnaire. The participants comprised 135 nurses and 80 paramedics working in emergency departments. The collected data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, a t-test, and an analysis of variance with Scheffé’s test. @*Results@#Compared with emergency room nurses, paramedics were more positive about the government’s spending on job opportunities for people with PTSD. There were no significant differences in attitude regarding government strategies and people with PTSD between nurses and paramedics. Paramedics had higher scores on the effective treatment for PTSD, while emergency room nurses showed higher scores on effective psychotherapy. General knowledge of PTSD differed according to sex (t=-2.33, p=.021) and education level (F=3.21, p=.042). Resilience scores differed significantly according to sex (t=2.02, p=.045), education level (F=4.10, p=.018), self-reported economic state (F=10.34, p<.001), and self-reported health (F=11.57, p<.001). @*Conclusion@#The findings support that emergency department nurses and paramedics are in need of self-care programs to support their mental health and indicate that intervention programs should be developed to enhance resilience in emergency department professionals.

Factors Affecting Nursing Intention for Patients with Emerging Infectious Diseases among Nurses in Hospitals Dedicated to COVID-19: A Focus on the Mediating Effects of Job Crafting / 기본간호학회지

Purpose@#This study aimed to identify the relationship between job complexity, infection prevention environment, and nursing intention for patients with emerging infectious diseases, with a focus on the mediating effect of job crafting in hospitals dedicated to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). @*Methods@#The study surveyed 202 nurses with at least 3 months of work experience who encountered COVID-19 patients at a dedicated COVID-19 hospital. The collected data were analyzed using IBM SPSS/WIN 25.0, and the mediating effect was analyzed through the SPSS PROCESS macro, using regression analysis. @*Results@#It was demonstrated that job crafting fully mediated the relationship between job complexity and nursing intention for patients with emerging infectious diseases. Furthermore, this study showed that job crafting partially mediated the relationship between infection prevention environment and nursing intention for patients with emerging infectious diseases. @*Conclusion@#It was confirmed that job crafting of nurses in a hospital dedicated to COVID-19 was an important mediating factor in their nursing intention for patients with emerging infectious diseases, and this finding is expected to support efforts to further improve nursing intention for patients with emerging infectious diseases.

Protective Effect of Huangqi Guizhi Wuwutang Combined with Shengmaiyin on Cardiac Function of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To observe the protective effect of Huangqi Guizhi Wuwutang combined with Shengmaiyin on the heart function in patients with diabetic cardiomyopathy and explore its anti-myocardial fibrosis and anti-inflammatory effects. Method:The 96 patients were randomly divided into observation group （48 cases） and control group （48 cases）. Both groups were given comprehensive measures to control blood sugar， blood lipids， blood pressure and heart failure. Patients in control group took Tongmai Jiangtang capsule， 3 granules/time， 3 times/day. Patients in observation group took Huangqi Guizhi Wuwutang combined with modified Shengmaiyin， 1 dose/day. The treatment courses were three months in both groups. Left ventricular ejection fraction （LVEF）， early diastolic peak velocity E peak/late diastolic peak velocity A peak （E/A）， left ventricular end diastolic diameter （LVEDd） and cardiac output per stroke （SV） through echocardiography were recorded before and after therapy. Cardiac troponin-I （cTn I）， troponin T （cTn-T）， creatine kinase isoenzyme -MB （CK-MB）， lactate dehydrogenase （LDH）， transforming growth factor-<italic>β</italic>₁ （TGF-<italic>β</italic>₁） before and after treatment ， matrix metalloproteinase-2 （MMP-2）， insulin-like growth factor-1 （IGF-1）， interleukin-6 （IL-6）， IL-1， tumor necrosis factor-<italic>α</italic> （TNF-<italic>α</italic>）， N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide （NT-proBNP）， soluble ST2 （sST2） and galectin-3 （Gal-3） levels were detected. Symptom of cardiac insufficiency and traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） syndrome score were evaluated before and after treatment. Result:The LVEF and E/A data in observation group were higher than those in control group （<italic>P</italic><0.01）. The levels of cTn-I， cTn-T， LDH and CK-MB in the observation group were lower than those in the control group （<italic>P</italic><0.01）. After treatment， the levels of TGF-<italic>β</italic>₁， MMP-2， IGF-1， IL-6， IL-1， TNF-<italic>α</italic>， NT-proBNP， sST2 and Gal-3 in the observation group decreased and were lower than those in the control group （<italic>P</italic><0.01）. The clinical efficacy of the observation group was better than that of the control group （<italic>Z</italic>=1.974，<italic>P</italic><0.05）. Conclusion:On the basis of conventional intervention of western medicine， Huangqi Guizhi Wuwutang combined with modified Shengmaiyin has anti-inflammatory and anti-myocardial fibrosis effects， with inhibitory effect on myocardial remodeling， and can reduce myocardial tissue damage to improve ventricular diastolic function and protect heart function. With such high clinical efficacy， it is worthy of clinical use.

Effect of Danggui Shaoyaosan on Diminished Ovarian Reserve in Model Rats： An Exploration Based on TGF-β1/ Smads Signaling Pathway / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To observe the improving effect of Danggui Shaoyaosan on diminished ovarian reserve （DOR） in rats triggered by Tripterygia wilfordii polyglycoside tablet combined with stress， and to explore the role of transforming growth factor-<italic>β</italic>₁（TGF-<italic>β</italic>₁）/Smads signaling pathway in such improvement. Method:Forty-eight female SD rats with normal sexual cycle were selected and randomly divided into a normal group （<italic>n</italic>=8） and a modeling group （<italic>n</italic>=40）， and the ones in the modeling group were given Tripterygium wilfordii polyglycoside tablets （50 mg·kg^-1） combined with random stress for 15 d. After successful modeling， the rats were randomized into the model group， low-， medium-， and high-dose （3.96， 7.92， 15.84 g·kg^-1） Danggui Shaoyaosan groups， and estradiol valerate group （0.09 mg·kg^-1）， with eight in each group. Under the premise of stress exposure， they were separately gavaged with the normal saline， low-， medium- and high-dose Danggui Shaoyaosan， and estradiol valerate for 15 successive days. The estrous cycle of rats in each group was observed daily. After intervention， the rats were sacrificed and the ovarian visceral index was calculated. The pathological changes in ovarian tissues were observed by hematoxylin eosin （HE） staining. The protein expression levels of TGF-<italic>β</italic>₁ and TGF-<italic>β</italic>₁receptor （TGF-<italic>β</italic>₁R） in the ovarian tissues of rats were measured by immunohistochemistry （IHC）， and the mRNA expression levels of Smad2， Smad3， and Smad7 in the ovarian tissues by real-time polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR）. Result:Compared with the normal group， the model group exhibited disordered estrus cycle （<italic>P</italic><0.05）， reduced visceral index （<italic>P</italic><0.01）， and down-regulated TGF-<italic>β</italic>₁ and TGF-<italic>β</italic>₁R protein and Smad2 and Smad3 mRNA expression in the ovarian tissues （<italic>P</italic><0.01）， and up-regulated Smad7 mRNA expression （<italic>P</italic><0.01）. Compared with the model group， Danggui Shaoyaosan at the low， medium， and high doses and estradiol valerate improved the estrus cycle of rats to varying degrees （<italic>P</italic><0.05） and increased the visceral index， with better effects observed in the medium-group and high-dose Danggui Shaoyaosan groups （<italic>P</italic><0.05，<italic>P</italic><0.01）. Besides， the protein expression levels of TGF-<italic>β</italic>₁ and TGF-<italic>β</italic>₁R and the mRNA expression levels of Smad2 and Smad3 in the ovarian tissues were elevated to varying degrees （<italic>P</italic><0.01）， and the Smad7 mRNA expression declined （<italic>P</italic><0.01）. The improvements in TGF-<italic>β</italic>₁ and TGF-<italic>β</italic>₁R protein expression of the medium-dose Danggui Shaoyaosan group and estradiol valerate group were more obvious. Conclusion:Danggui Shaoyaosan significantly improves ovarian reserve in DOR rats， which is closely related to the regulation of TGF-<italic>β</italic>₁/Smads signaling pathway.

Evaluation of diet quality according to the eating-out patterns of preschoolers and school-aged children in South Korea: based on data from the 2016–2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey / 한국영양학회지

Purpose@#This study examined the eating-out patterns of Korean infants and school-aged children and compared diet quality. @*Methods@#Data were obtained from the 2016–2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The subjects were 306 children aged 3 to 11 years old that ate dinner at restaurants. Percentage energy intakes of 24 food groups were calculated, and cluster analysis was used to identify eating-out patterns. Diet quality was assessed by calculating percentage energy and nutrient intakes using one-third of the 2015 Dietary Reference Intakes for Korean (KDRIs), nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR), mean adequacy ratio (MAR), and index of nutritional quality (INQ). @*Results@#Cluster analysis identified 2 eating-out patterns, that is, a ‘rice-centered’ (53%) and a ‘mixed diet’ (47%) pattern. For those with the mixed diet pattern, ratios of carbohydrates, protein, and fat to total calories were 48:20:31, whereas for the rice-centered pattern, ratios were 62:15:21 (p < 0.001). Intakes of energy and most nutrients in the mixed diet pattern were excessive, but the intakes of the most nutrients in the rice-centered pattern were much lower than their KDRIs. MARs were higher for the mixed diet pattern than the rice-centered pattern (0.74 vs. 0.66) (p < 0.001), and INQs for vitamin C (p = 0.007) and calcium (p = 0.018) were lower for the rice-centered pattern, whereas INQ for iron (p = 0.003) was lower for the mixed diet pattern. @*Conclusion@#The quality of meals for infants and school-aged children depended on eating-out patterns, but the rice-centered and mixed diet patterns both failed to provide an appropriately balanced meal pattern. The results of this study suggest that healthy menus need to be developed for children in restaurants.

Clinical effect of liver transplantation from elderly donors / 国际外科学杂志

Objective:To investigate the clinical effect of liver transplantation from organ donors in elderly patients.Methods:The clinical data of 346 patients who underwent liver transplantation in the general surgery center of Beijing You′an Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University from January 2018 to November 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. After screening, they were divided into the elderly donor group (30 cases) aged 60-70 years and the non elderly donor group (60 cases) aged < 60 years. The observation indexes were operation time, anhepatic phase time and operation bleeding. The prognosis indexes were: postoperative ICU stay, length of hospital stay, primary graft nonfunction (PNF), delayed graft function recovery (DGF) and in-hospital mortality. The measurement data in accordance with normal distribution are expressed as ( Mean± SD). The comparison between the two groups was analyzed by t-test. The measurement data that did not conform to the normal distribution were expressed as median (range). Mann Whitney U test was used for comparison between the two groups. The counting data were collected by the computer χ2 test or Fisher′s exact test analysis. Results:The operation time, anhepatic period and blood loss in the elderly group were (444.33±72.44) min, 56.0 (30-170) min, 1 992.1(400-9 000) mL, respectively and the non elderly group were (460.88±91.32) min, 58.45 (35-140) min, 1 885.8(400-12 000) mL, respectively, there were no significant difference between the two groups ( P>0.05); Among the prognostic indicators, the length of stay in ICU, the length of stay in hospital and the in-hospital mortality of the elderly group were 4.9 (2-21) d, 20.4 (3-40) d and 10% respectively, while the length of stay in ICU, the length of stay in hospital and the in-hospital mortality of the non elderly group were 5.3(1-32) d, 22.1(3-61) d and 10% respectively, with no significant difference between the two groups ( P>0.05); No PNF occurred in the two groups, but the incidence rate of DGF in the elderly group was 13.33%(4/30), and the non elderly group was 1.67%(1/60). There was a significant difference between the two groups ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Under strict preoperative donor evaluation and accurate recipient selection, 60-70 years old donors can achieve similar short-term effect as non elderly donors, but the long-term effect needs further observation.

Nitric Oxide Produced by the Antioxidant Activity of Verapamil Improves the Acute Wound Healing Process

BACKGROUND@#Verapamil is used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, cardiac arrhythmia, hypertrophic scars, and keloids to block transmembrane calcium ion flux. Verapamil has antioxidant activity, which enhances the production of nitric oxide (NO). NO promotes the proliferation of fibroblasts, keratinocytes, endothelial cells, and epithelial cells during wound healing. In this study, we investigated the effect of verapamil and its antioxidant properties on the enhancement of acute wound healing via NO. @*METHODS@#A full-thickness wound healing model was created on the rat dorsal with a silicone ring. The wound closure rate was estimated every 2 days for 14 days. A histological study was performed to evaluate wound healing.Immunofluorescence staining was analyzed for angiogenesis. The expressions of collagen type I (COL I), collagen type III (COL III), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were assessed by Western blot. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed to examine the expression of endothelial NO synthase and inducible NO synthase, which are related to antioxidant activity in the process of wound healing. @*RESULTS@#The wound closure rate was faster in the verapamil group compared to the control and silicone groups.Histologic analysis revealed capillaries and stratum basale in the verapamil group. Immunofluorescence staining was shown vessel formation in the verapamil group. Western blot and qRT-PCR analysis revealed high expression levels of COL I, VEGF, eNOS, and FGF in the verapamil. @*CONCLUSION@#Verapamil’s antioxidant activity enhances NO production in acute wound healing. We suggest that verapamil can be used to promote acute wound healing.

Genetic characterization of H9N2avian influenza virus previously unrecognized in Korea

In this study, we describe the isolation and characterization of previously unreported Y280-lineage H9N2 viruses from two live bird markets in Korea in June 2020. Genetic analysis revealed that they were distinct from previous H9N2 viruses circulating in Korea and had highest homology to A/chicken/Shandong/1844/2019(H9N2) viruses. Their genetic constellation showed they belonged to genotype S, which is the predominant genotype in China since 2010, where genotype S viruses have infected humans and acted as internal gene donors to H5 and H7 zoonotic influenza viruses. Active surveillance and control measures need to be enhanced to protect the poultry industry and public health.

Nitric Oxide Produced by the Antioxidant Activity of Verapamil Improves the Acute Wound Healing Process

BACKGROUND@#Verapamil is used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, cardiac arrhythmia, hypertrophic scars, and keloids to block transmembrane calcium ion flux. Verapamil has antioxidant activity, which enhances the production of nitric oxide (NO). NO promotes the proliferation of fibroblasts, keratinocytes, endothelial cells, and epithelial cells during wound healing. In this study, we investigated the effect of verapamil and its antioxidant properties on the enhancement of acute wound healing via NO. @*METHODS@#A full-thickness wound healing model was created on the rat dorsal with a silicone ring. The wound closure rate was estimated every 2 days for 14 days. A histological study was performed to evaluate wound healing.Immunofluorescence staining was analyzed for angiogenesis. The expressions of collagen type I (COL I), collagen type III (COL III), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were assessed by Western blot. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed to examine the expression of endothelial NO synthase and inducible NO synthase, which are related to antioxidant activity in the process of wound healing. @*RESULTS@#The wound closure rate was faster in the verapamil group compared to the control and silicone groups.Histologic analysis revealed capillaries and stratum basale in the verapamil group. Immunofluorescence staining was shown vessel formation in the verapamil group. Western blot and qRT-PCR analysis revealed high expression levels of COL I, VEGF, eNOS, and FGF in the verapamil. @*CONCLUSION@#Verapamil’s antioxidant activity enhances NO production in acute wound healing. We suggest that verapamil can be used to promote acute wound healing.

Genetic characterization of H9N2avian influenza virus previously unrecognized in Korea

In this study, we describe the isolation and characterization of previously unreported Y280-lineage H9N2 viruses from two live bird markets in Korea in June 2020. Genetic analysis revealed that they were distinct from previous H9N2 viruses circulating in Korea and had highest homology to A/chicken/Shandong/1844/2019(H9N2) viruses. Their genetic constellation showed they belonged to genotype S, which is the predominant genotype in China since 2010, where genotype S viruses have infected humans and acted as internal gene donors to H5 and H7 zoonotic influenza viruses. Active surveillance and control measures need to be enhanced to protect the poultry industry and public health.

Optimal Condition of Isolation from an Adipose Tissue-Derived Stromal Vascular Fraction for the Development of Automated Systems

Background@#The stromal vascular fraction (SVF) isolated from adipose tissue, which contains stem cells as well as other cell types, has been applied in various research fields. Although different enzymatic concentrations and treatment durations have been applied to isolate the SVF, optimal conditions have not been established. Thus, we aimed to establish the optimal conditions for isolation of the SVF from adipose tissue by automated systems. @*Methods@#The SVF was collected from removed adipose tissues of five donors during surgery. The SVF was treated with 0.1% or 0.2% collagenase type I for 20, 40, or 60 min. Then, colony forming unit (CFU) assays and flow cytometry were performed to characterize the adipose stem cells (ASCs). A cytokine array was used to investigate the correlation between colony-formation ability and the secretion of isolated ASCs. @*Results@#Treatment with 0.1% collagenase type I for 60 min resulted in a higher SVF yield, whereas treatment with 0.1% collagenase for 40 min resulted in higher CFU values. In addition, expression of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in the SVF was higher in the high-CFU group than in the low-CFU group. @*Conclusion@#The optimal conditions for isolation of the SVF from adipose tissue were treatment with 0.1% collagenase type I for 40 min. We identified the conditions required for efficient SVF isolation based on high CFU values, and our results will facilitate the development of automated systems.

Cross Mapping of Standardized Nursing Diagnoses and Problems with NANDA-I in 4 Tertiary Hospitals / 임상간호연구

Purpose@#To explore the scope and method of applying standardized nursing terminologies to nursing diagnosis and problems used in nursing practice. @*Methods@#A descriptive study was done with a retrospective analysis of the nursing records of 141,420 patients that were hospitalized in 4 tertiary hospitals. The nursing diagnosis and problems collected from the records were standardized, and the standardized nursing diagnosis and problems cross mapped with NANDA-I, confirmed in a nursing focus group. @*Results@#65 (67.7%) of the 96 standardized nursing diagnosis and problems were equal with NANDA-I and included in the 10 domains of NANDA-I. Among 86 nursing diagnosis and problems excluded from the cross mapping with NANDA-I, the 63 terms (73.3%) related to surgery/procedure were the most common. @*Conclusion@#It is meaningful that multi-tertiary hospital nursing diagnosis and problems were standardized and cross mapping with standard nursing terminologies was performed. As for the method of applying standardized nursing terminologies in nursing practice, it is appropriate to use several standardized nursing terminologies complementarily.

Cross Mapping of Standardized Nursing Diagnoses and Problems with NANDA-I in 4 Tertiary Hospitals / 임상간호연구

Purpose@#To explore the scope and method of applying standardized nursing terminologies to nursing diagnosis and problems used in nursing practice. @*Methods@#A descriptive study was done with a retrospective analysis of the nursing records of 141,420 patients that were hospitalized in 4 tertiary hospitals. The nursing diagnosis and problems collected from the records were standardized, and the standardized nursing diagnosis and problems cross mapped with NANDA-I, confirmed in a nursing focus group. @*Results@#65 (67.7%) of the 96 standardized nursing diagnosis and problems were equal with NANDA-I and included in the 10 domains of NANDA-I. Among 86 nursing diagnosis and problems excluded from the cross mapping with NANDA-I, the 63 terms (73.3%) related to surgery/procedure were the most common. @*Conclusion@#It is meaningful that multi-tertiary hospital nursing diagnosis and problems were standardized and cross mapping with standard nursing terminologies was performed. As for the method of applying standardized nursing terminologies in nursing practice, it is appropriate to use several standardized nursing terminologies complementarily.

Implementing Medical Education Continuous Quality Improvement Using Design‐Based Research / 의학교육논단

The goal of this study is to present efficient measures to improve the quality of medical education through using a developed and applied continuous quality improvement (CQI) model suitable for medical education.To achieve this purpose, we developed a theoretical CQI model through a review of the literature according to the design-based research method. Through repetitive productive cyclical processes and professional reviews, we finally deduced an appropriate CQI model for medical education. The most important results of this study are as follows: First, the CQI model for medical education is defined as a quality management system with a cyclical course of planning, implementation, evaluation, and improvement of medical education.Second, the CQI model for medical education is composed of quality management activities of educational design, work, and evaluation. In addition, each activity has the implementation strategies of planning, doing, checking, and improving based on the PDCA model (Plan-Do-Check-Act model). Third, the CQI model for medical school education is composed of committees related to medical education doing improvement activities, as well as planning, implementing and evaluating it with CQI. As a result, we can improve teaching by using the CQI model for medical education. It is more meaningful because this gives us organized and practical measures of quality management and improvement in medical education as well as in the educational process.

Risk factors of emergency reoperations

Background@#Emergency reoperation is considered to be a quality indicator in surgery. We analyzed the risk factors for emergency reoperations. @*Methods@#Patients who underwent emergency operations from January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2017, at our hospital were reviewed in this retrospective study. Multivariate logistic regression was performed for the perioperative risk factors for emergency reoperation. @*Results@#A total of 1,481 patients underwent emergency operations during the study period. Among them, 79 patients received emergency reoperations. The variables related to emergency reoperation included surgeries involving intracranial and intraoral lesions, highest mean arterial pressure ≥ 110 mmHg, highest heart rate ≥ 100 /min, anemia, duration of operation ＞120 min, and arrival from the intensive care unit (ICU). @*Conclusions@#The type of surgery, hemodynamics, hemoglobin values, the duration of surgery, and arrival from ICU were associated with emergency reoperations.

Pathogenicity of clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in three chicken breeds from South Korea in 2016/2017

In 2016, novel H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus emerged in Korea. During the outbreak, the virus caused the largest culling, especially in brown chicken lines. We determined the pathogenicity and transmissibility of the virus in 2 white chicken lines of the specific pathogen-free chickens, broilers and brown chicken line of Korean native chicken (KNC). A KNC had a longer virus shedding period and longer mean death time than others. Our study showed that this characteristic in the KNC might have contributed to a farm-to-farm transmission of the brown chicken farms.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Fusion Protein-encoding DNA Vaccine Is Less Effective in Conferring Protection against Inflammatory Disease than a Virus-like Particle Platform

Formalin-inactivated respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccination causes vaccine-enhanced disease (VED) after RSV infection. It is considered that vaccine platforms enabling endogenous synthesis of RSV immunogens would induce favorable immune responses than non-replicating subunit vaccines in avoiding VED. Here, we investigated the immunogenicity, protection, and disease in mice after vaccination with RSV fusion protein (F) encoding plasmid DNA (F-DNA) or virus-like particles presenting RSV F (F-VLP). F-DNA vaccination induced CD8 T cells and RSV neutralizing Abs, whereas F-VLP elicited higher levels of IgG2a isotype and neutralizing Abs, and germinal center B cells, contributing to protection by controlling lung viral loads after RSV challenge. However, mice that were immunized with F-DNA displayed weight loss and pulmonary histopathology, and induced F specific CD8 T cell responses and recruitment of monocytes and plasmacytoid dendritic cells into the lungs. These innate immune parameters, RSV disease, and pulmonary histopathology were lower in mice that were immunized with F-VLP after challenge. This study provides important insight into developing effective and safe RSV vaccines.

Clinical Effect of Dahuang Zhechong Wan on Pelvic Pain Caused by Endometriosis with Qi Stagnation and Blood Stasis Syndrome / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective: To discuss the clinical effect of Dahuang Zhechong Wan on pelvic pain caused by endometriosis with Qi stagnation and blood stasis syndrome and study the mechanism of action. Method: One hundred and twenty-six patients were randomly divided into control group (64 cases) and observation group (62 cases) by random number table. Both groups' patients got Duphaston from the 5th to 25th days of menstrual cycle, 1 tablet/day, 2 times/days. Patients in control group got Sanjie Zhentong Jiaonang at the first day of menstruation, 4 grains/time, 3 times/days. Patients in observation group got Dahuang Zhechong Wan, 3 g/time, 2 times/days. The treatment in two groups continued for 3 menstrual cycles. Before treatment and at the first, second and third menstrual cycles after the treatment, visual analogue score (VAS) of pain was used for dysmenorrheal. Before AND after the treatment, scores of symptoms, signs, Qi stagnation and blood stasis syndrome and endometriosis were scored by endometriosis health profile-5 (EHP-5). And hemorheology was detected, and levels of matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2), MMP-9, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), prostaglandin F2α(PGF2α) and substance P (SP) were detected. Result: By rank sum test, the clinical effect of disease in observation group was better than that in control group (Z=2.198, PPPPα, IL-1, PGF2α and SP were lower than those in control group (P2 was higher than that in control group (PConclusion: In addition to treatment of progestogen, Dahuang Zhechong Wan can relieve pelvic pain, improve quality of life and clinical effect, and regulate levels of prostaglandins, matrix metalloproteinases and proinflammatory factors.