Risk factors for postoperative complications Clavien-Dindo classification≥gradeⅡ after lung cancer surgery / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#Objective     To investigate the risk factors for postoperative complications Clavien-Dindo classification≥grade Ⅱ after lung cancer surgery. Methods     The patients who underwent lung cancer surgery in a multicenter observational study from November 2017 to January 2020 were included. The Clavien-Dindo classification of postoperative complications was analyzed. Logistic regression was used to identify the risk factors for complications≥ gradeⅡ. Results     A total of 388 patients were enrolled, including 203 males and 185 females with a mean age of 56.14±10.36 years. The incidence of postoperative complications was 25.52% (99/388) after lung cancer surgery and the incidence of complications≥gradeⅡ was 20.10% (78/388). The five most common postoperative complications were pneumonia (6.96%), prolonged pulmonary air leak (>7 days, 5.67%), incision dehiscence (4.64%), arrhythmia (3.87%), and postoperative pleural effusion (3.35%). Multivariate analysis showed that open surgery [reference: uniportal thoracoscopic surgery, OR=2.18, 95%CI (1.01, 4.70), P=0.047], extended resection [reference: sublobar resection, OR=2.86, 95%CI (1.11, 7.19), P=0.030; reference: lobectomy, OR=2.20, 95%CI (1.10, 4.40), P=0.026] and operative time≥3 h [OR=2.07, 95%CI (1.12, 3.85), P=0.021] were independent risk factors for postoperative complications≥gradeⅡ after lung cancer surgery. Conclusion     Surgical approach, extent of resection and operative time are independent influencing factors for postoperative complications≥gradeⅡ after lung cancer surgery.

Single incision thoracoscopic surgery for treating thoracic diseases in 186 cases / 重庆医学

Objective To summarize the experience of single incision thoracoscopic surgery (SITS),and to explore its feasibility and safety for treating thoracic diseases.Methods The clinical data in 186 cases of SITS in our hospital from August 2014 to March 2016 were retrospectively analyzed.Local lesion resection was performed in 171 cases and pulmonary lobectomy in 15 cases.Results The average operation time in local lesion resection was 46(10-75)min and average blood loss amount was 23(5-65)mL;11 cases were converted to double holes during operation and 6 cases converted to three holes;the average postoperative hospitalization stay was 4.7(3-9)d.The average operation time in the cases of pulmonary lobectomy was 152(95-215)min and average blood loss amount was 96(60-195)mL;2 cases converted to double holes during operation and 2 cases converted to three holes during operation;the average postoperative hospitalization stay was 6.7(5-9)d.No perioperative death or severe complications were observed in all cases.Conclusion SITS for treating thoracic diseases is safe,reliable and beautiful with little complications,less trauma and faster recovery.

Expression and significance of TRH-R1 and TRH-R2 in the testis of EDS-treated adult rats / 解剖学报

ObjectiveTo investigate the expression of thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor (TRH-R) type-1and type-2 in ethane dimethanesulphonate (EDS)-treated rat testis, and to discuss the significance of its expression in Leydig cells.Methods To make the injured testis Leydig cells rat model with EDS treatment. Western blotting, immunohistochemical ABC and immunofluorescence double labeling methods were used to detect the expression and location of TRH-R1 and R2 in the testicular tissues of EDS-treated-day 2,day 7,day 14,day 21 and day 28 rat mode, respectively. Results Western blotting results showed that the positive immunochemical staining was not found in the testicular tissues of the EDS-treated day 2 to day 14, on the other hand,they were found in EDS-treated-21 day and EDS-treated-28 day. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that TRH-R1 and R2 expressed in the spindle-shaped cells reappeared around seminiferous tubules of post-EDS 21 days and 28 days groups. Immunofluorescence double labeling confirmed that these TRH-R1 and R2 positively stained cells were newly regenerated progenitor Leydig cells.Conclusion TRH-R1 and R2 are involved in the regeneration of Leydig cells in EDS-treated rat testis, and they may exert functions in the proliferation and differentiation of adult type Leydig cells.

Correlation of expression of preprothyrotropin-releasing hormone and receptor with rat testis development / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the expression regulation of thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) and TRH receptor (TRH-R), and their role in the development of rat testis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Oligonucleotide primers were designed from the sequences of rat hypothalamus prepro TRH (ppTRH) and pituitary TRH-R cDNA for reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Specific fragments of ppTRH and TRH-R cDNA were cloned and sequenced. Expression plasmids containing ppTRH and TRH-R genes were then constructed, and expression was found in E. coli DH5-alpha. ppTRH and TRH-R mRNA in the testis was quantitated in RNA samples prepared from rats at different developmental stages by real time quantitative RT-PCR.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The quantitative analyses demonstrated that no ppTRH and TRH mRNA could be detected at the earliest stage (day 8). ppTRH and TRH mRNA signals were detected on day 15 and increased progressively on days 20, 35, 60 and 90.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Our results suggest that rat testis could specifically express TRH and TRH-R, and the transcriptions of ppTRH and TRH-R genes in the rat testis were development-dependent. The acquirement of expressed products for ppTRH and TRH-R can be used for further research on the physiological significance of TRH and TRH-R expression in rat testis.</p>

THE EXPRESSION OF HISTAMINE IN THE CARDIAC SYMPATHETIC FIBERS FROM THE GUINEA PIG SUPERIOR CERVICAL GANGLION / 解剖学报

Objective To investigate the expression of histamine in the cardiac sympathetic fibers from the guinea pig superior cervical ganglion and its coexistence with norepinephrine so as to provide morphological evidence for histamine as a cardiac sympathetic neurotransmitter.Methods Biotinylated dextranamine(BDA) anterograde tracing and immunofluorescence histochemical staining for histamine/norepinephrine were applied.Results After injection of BDA into the superior cervical ganglion,BDA labeled sympathetic fibers in the left and right atria and ventricle were observed.Meanwhile,the tracing fibers proved histamine-like immunoreactive or both histamine and norepinephrine-like immunoreactive.Conclusion Histamine is expressed in the cardiac sympathetic fibers from the guinea pig superior cervical ganglion and coexisted with norepinephrine.

EXPRESSION AND LOCATION OF TRH-R2 IN THE RAT TESTIS DURING POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT / 解剖学报

Objective To investigate the expression of thyrotrophin-releasing hormone receptor type-2(TRH-R2) in rat testis during postnatal development,and to discuss its function in the regulation of reproduction development. Methods Western blotting and the immunohistochemical ABC method were used to detect the expression and location of TRH-R2 in testes of 8,15,20,35,60 and 90-day-old rats. And the immunohistochemical results were analyzed with the image analysis system and statistical method. Results Western blot showed that TRH-R2 was expressed in 15- to 90-day-old rat testis. As for the immunohistochemical ABC method,we found that TRH-R2 firstly appeared in 8-day-old rat testes. In all the following stages we also detected the immunochemical positive cells in testes. TRH-R2 was distributed in the interstitial cells between seminiferous tubules and positive substance was expressed in the cell membrane and cytoplasm of Leydig cells.The results of image analyses quantitation revealed that the intensity of TRH-R2 increased progressively with the postnatal development of rats.The peak was in 35-day-old.Then at the following stages the expression of TRH-R2 maintained stable.Conclusion TRH-R2 is expressed in rat testis during its postnatal development and locates in the Leydig cells,and the TRH-R2 shows development-dependent expression in testicular tissue.

DISTRIBUTION OF CALCITONIN GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE IMMUNOREACTIVE NERVE FIBERS IN THE SPLEEN OF RAT / 解剖学报

In this study, the distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactive (CGRP-IR) nerve fibers in the spleen of the rat was investigated by using the immunohistochemical ABC method combined with glucose oxidase-DAB-nickel enhancement technique. The results showed that the rat spleen was richly innervated by CGRP-IR fibers. The nerve fibers containing CGRP were mainly distributed in the red pulp, especially surrounding the splenic sinusoid and small blood vessels. They were also observed in the lymphoid tissue of marginal zone, and occasionally in the periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS). The positive fibers distributed in the spleen, which suggested that the fibers might modulate the development and function of splenic lymphocytes.

EXPRESSION OF SMAD 2 AND SMAD 4 PROTEINS IN THE ADULT RAT TESTIS / 解剖学报

Objective To study the localization of Smad 2 and Smad 4 proteins, which are intracellular signaling molecules of transforming growth factor ? family in adult rat testis. Method Immunohistochemical ABC method with glucose oxidase DAB nickel enhancement technique was used in the present study. Results Smad 2 immunoreactivity was mainly located in the spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids, Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubule and Leydig cells in the interstitial tissue. The reactive substance distributes in cytoplasm with negative nuclei. While Smad 4 is mainly expressed in cytoplasm of Leydig cells, and Sertoli cells is weak stained. Conclusion Our findings of Smad 2 expression in spermatogenic cells and Smad 4 expression in Leydig cells provide direct evidence for the molecular mechanism of TGF ? action during spermatogenesis.

THE EXPRESSION OF TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR ?s AND THEIR RECEPTORS IN MOUSE SPERMATOGENESIS / 解剖学报

Objective To confirm the localization and function mechanisms of TGF?s and their receptors in mouse spermatogenesis,by observing the expression of TGF?s and their receptors in mouse testicular tissues. Methods Immunohistochemical staining combined with the micro-image analysis and immunofluorescence histochemical double-staining technique were used. Results Immunohistochemical staining display:Both TGF?1 and TGF?2 were expressed in acrosome of Ⅵ-Ⅷ stages round spermatids and elongated spermatids in seminiferous tubules,in cytoplasm of Leydig cell their expression was very weak;TGF?3 was only expressed in the cytoplasm of Leydig cells and there was no positive expression in seminiferous epithelium;TGF?-RⅠ was expressed in late spermacytes(Ⅷ stage) and early elongating spermatids(Ⅹ stage);TGF?-RⅡ was expressed from the Ⅺ stage elongating spermatids to elongated spermatids released;TGF?-RⅢ was expressed in acrosome of late round spermatids (Ⅶ-Ⅷ stages)and elongated spermatids.Immunofluorescence histochemical double-staining display:the earlist co-expression of TGF?1,TGF?2 and TGF?-R3 in seminiferous epithelium was at acrosome of Ⅵ-Ⅷ stages round spermatids.Conclusion TGF?s and their receptors are expressed with cell-and stage-specifity in mouse spermatogenesis,which suggests that they have an important role in spermatogenesis.

PKC?-CONTAINING NEURONS IN THE MEDULLARY AND SPINAL DORSAL HORNS PROJECTING TO THE MIDBRAIN PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY IN THE RAT / 解剖学报

Objective To examine the projection of protein kinase C? isoform(PKC?)\|immunoreactive neurons from the medullary and spinal dorsal horns to the midbrain periaqueductal gray(PAG) in the rat. Methods By using fluoro\|gold(FG) retrograde tracing combined with immunofluorescence histochemical staining for PKC?. Results PKC?\|immunoreactive neurons were observed in laminae Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ of the medullary and spinal dorsal horns and lateral spinal nucleus.After injecting FG into the PAG,FG retrogradely labeled neurons were also mainly found in laminae Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ of the medullary and spinal dorsal horns and lateral spinal nucleus.Some of these FG\|labeled neurons in laminae Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ of the medullary and spinal dorsal horns and lateral spinal nucleus exhibited PKC?\|immunoreactivities.Conclusion\ PKC?\|immunoreactive neurons in the medullary and spinal dorsal horns might be involved in the transmission of nociceptive information from the medullary and spinal dorsal horns to the PAG.\;[

IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION OF NEUROKININ B RECEPTOR (NK3) IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM OF THE MOUSE / 解剖学报

Objective To examine the localization of neurokinin B receptor (NK3)\|like immunoreactivity (\|LI) in the central nervous system of the mouse. Methods An immunohistochemcial staining method was used. Results NK3 receptor\|LI was localized in somatic and dendritic profiles in the most parts and in neuropil in a few regions of the mouse central nervous system. A large number of neurons with NK3\|LI was seen in the anterior olfactory nuclei, accumbens nucleus, septal area, ventral pallidum, pallidum, caudate putamen, nucleus of the stria terminalis, anterior hypothalamic area, tuber cincreum area, lateral hypothalamic area, perifornical nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, arcuate nucleus, mammillar nuclei, substatia nigra, ventral tegmental area, retrorubral area, superior and inferior colliculus, periaqueductal gray, nucleus of the solitary tract, and superficial layers of the medullary and spinal dorsal horns. The superfical layers of the cerebral cortex, piriform cortex, dorsal hippocampus, amygdal complex, reticular formation of the brainstem contained some neurons with NK3 receptor\|LI. In the ventral hippocampus, median and intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus and interpeduncular nuclei, NKR\|LI was localized in neuropil. Conclusion\ Neurons with NK3 receptor\|LI were widely distributed in the central nervous system. It may be involved in many physiological functions in the central nervous system of the mouse.\;[

DISTRIBUTION OF NEUROPEPTIDE Y IMMUNOREACTIVE FIBERS IN THE SPLEEN OF RAT / 解剖学报

The distribution of neuropeptide Yimmunoreactive (NPY-IR) fibers in the spleen of rat was investigated by using the immunohistochemical ABC method combine with glucose oxidase-DAB-nikel enhancement technique. The results demonstrated that the rat spleen is richly innervated by NPY-IR fibers. The NPY immunoreactive nerve fibers are mainly distributed along the branches of the arteries, especially surrounding the central arterioles. They are also observed in the connective tissue capsule, the lymphoid tissue of the white pulp, red pulp and marginal zone and around the splenic sinusoid. The positive fibers are closely related to the blood vessels and lymphocytes in the spleen, which suggested that these fibers may regulate the development and function of splenic lymphocytes. NPY may have a direct or an indirect effect on regulating blood circulation of the spleen and the lymphocytes.

IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION OF PANCREASTATIN IN GUINEA PIG, PIG AND HUMAN PANCREAS / 解剖学报

Pancreastatin, a novel peptide isolated from porcine pancreas, is capable of inhibiting the insulin release and the exocrine secretion of the pancreas. In this study, the localization and distribution of pancreastatin in guinea pig, pig and human pancreas were investigated with ABC immunostaining method combined with the glucose oxidase-DAB-nickle developing technique on paraffin sections. The results showed that in human pancreas pancreastatin-like immunoreactive(PLI)cells were mainly dist- ributed in the periphery of the islets. While in guinea pig and pig pancreas, the majority of islets cells showed positive pancreastatin immunostaining. The coexistence of pancreastatin and insulin in the pancreatic islets of guinea pig and pig were also proved with immunostaining of adjacent thin sections. PLI-cells were also found in the epithelium of the ducts and acini of all investigated pancreas. However, in the exocrine portion of human and pig pancreas, PLI-cells were present in amounts smaller than those found in guinea pig pancreas. The significance of the distribution pattern of pancreastatin was discussed.