Molecular epidemiology of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from ready-to-eat food in 2017 in China / 中华预防医学杂志

To analyze the molecular characteristics of strains from ready-to eat food in China. A total of 239 strains isolated from ready-to-eat food in 2017, all strains underwent whole-genome sequencing (WGS) , and comparisons uncovered population structure derived from lineages, clonal complex, serogroups, antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence, which were inferred in silico from the WGS data. Core genome multilocus sequence typing was used to subtype isolates. All strains were categorized into three different lineages, lineage Ⅱ was the predominant types in food, and IIa was the main serogroups. CC8, CC101 and CC87 were the first three prevalent CCs among 23 detected CCs, accounting for 49.4%. Only 4.6% (11 isolates) of tested strains harbored antibiotic resistance genes, which were mostly trimethoprim genes (7 isolates, 2.9%). All strains were positive for LIPI-1, and only a part of strains harbored LIPI-3 and LIPI-4, accounting for 13.8% (33 isolates) and 14.2% (34 isolates), respectively. ST619 carried both LIPI-3 and LIPI-4. 51.5% (123 isolates) of strains carried SSI-1, and all CC121 strains harbored SSI-2. Different lineages, serogroups and CCs can be separated obviously through cgMLST analysis, and 24 sublineages were highly concordant with CCs. Ⅱa was the main serogroups in ready-to-eat food isolates in China; CC8, CC101 and CC87 were the prevalent CCs, and CC87 isolates was hypervirulent isolates, cgMLST method can be adopted for prospective foodborne disease surveillance and outbreaks detection.

Iodine status and characteristics of Korean adolescents and their parents based on urinary iodine concentration: a nationwide cross-sectional study

PURPOSE: Iodine is a major component of thyroid hormones. Both deficiency and excess of iodine are major risk factors for thyroid disease, making it important to accurately assess iodine level in the human body. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) is a commonly used measure of iodine status. However, there is little research on iodine status and related characteristics in Korean adolescents. METHODS: Using data from the sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VI) for the years 2013–2015, we analyzed UIC and thyroid function test results in adolescents aged 10–18 years and their parents. We also investigated the influence of socioeconomic factors and family history of thyroid disease on iodine status. RESULTS: Mean UIC in Korean adolescents was 963.5±55.7 μg/L. Among evaluated subjects, 6.6%±1.0%, 29.8%±1.7%, and 63.9%±1.9% had low (UIC<100 μg/L), adequate (UIC: 100–299.9 μg/L), and excess (UIC≥300 μg/L) iodine concentrations, respectively. Based on regional trends, the incidence of iodine deficiency exceeded 10% in several regions, even though there was a dominance of regions with excess iodine. Parental UIC, female sex, average monthly income, and expenditure were all found to affect the iodine status of Korean adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: Although regional differences exist, the iodine status in Korean adolescents is mainly affected by the eating habits of their families and socioeconomic factors. Therefore, monitoring of iodine status is necessary in this population.

Prognostic value of right pulmonary artery distensibility in dogs with pulmonary hypertension

The right pulmonary artery distensibility (RPAD) index has been used in dogs with pulmonary hypertension (PH) caused by heartworm infection, myxomatous mitral valve disease, or patent ductus arteriosus. We hypothesized that this index correlates with the tricuspid regurgitation pressure gradient (TRPG) assessed by echocardiography and could predict survival in dogs with PH secondary to various causes. To assess this hypothesis, the medical records of 200 client-owned dogs at a referral institution were retrospectively reviewed. The RPAD index and the ratios of acceleration time to peak pulmonary artery flow (AT) and to the ejection time of pulmonary artery flow (ET) were recorded for each dog. The owners were contacted for follow-up assessments. The findings indicated that the RPAD index was correlated with the TRPG (R2 = 0. 362, p < 0.001). The survival time was significantly shorter in dogs with an RPAD index ≤ 21% that were followed up for 3 months and in dogs with an RPAD index ≤ 24% that were followed up for 1 year. Thus, the RPAD index was correlated with the TRPG and could predict the clinical outcome in dogs with PH caused by various diseases. This index could be used to evaluate the severity of PH in dogs without tricuspid regurgitation.

Effect of acupoint stimulation on the quality of recovery in patients with radical thyroidectomy under the concept of enhanced recovery after surgery: a randomized controlled trial / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the effect of acupoint stimulation on the quality of recovery in patients with radical thyroidectomy under the concept of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS).@*METHODS@#A total of 62 patients with radical thyroidectomy were randomized into an observation group and a control group, 31 cases in each one. In both of the two groups, general anesthesia with tracheal intubation was applied, the same anesthesia induction and maintenance medication were given. In the observation group, auricular point pressing with magnetic beads was adopted at bilateral shenmen (TF) and transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (dilatational wave, 2 Hz/100 Hz in frequency, 6 to 12 mA) was performed at bilateral Hegu (LI 4) and Neiguan (PC 6) from 30 min before anesthesia induction to the end of the anesthesia. In the control group, medical adhesive plaster was pasted at bilateral shenmen (TF) and the electrodes were plastered at bilateral Hegu (LI 4) and Neiguan (PC 6) with no corresponding stimulation. In both of the two groups, visual analogue scale for anxiety (VAS-A) score was observed to evaluate the anxiety severity before anesthesia induction; the total intraoperative dosages of sufentanil, remifentanil and propofol were recorded; the numerical rating scale (NRS) score was used to assess the pain severity of instant time (T0) and 30 min (T1) of entering post-anesthesia recovery room (PACU), motor and static mode at 2 h (T2), 6 h (T3), 12 h (T4), 24 h (T5) after surgery; time of first anal exhaust, time of getting out of bed after surgery, total hospitalization time and the incidences of postoperative nausea and vomiting were observed; the quality of recovery was assessed by the 40-item quality of recovery score (QoR-40).@*RESULTS@#The VAS-A score and the total intraoperative dosage of remifentanil in the observation group were reduced compared with the control group (0.05). The time of first anal exhaust and getting out of bed after surgery in the observation group were advanced than those in the control group (0.05). Compared with the control group, the QoR-40 score was increased in the observation group (<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Acupoint stimulation can improve the preoperative anxiety in patients with radical thyroidectomy, reduce the intraoperative anesthetic dosage and postoperative pain, advance the time of anal exhaust and getting out of bed, improve the quality of postoperative recovery and enhance the recovery process.

Anterior corpectomy combined with intervertebral decompression and fusion for multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy / 中国骨伤

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the clinical outcomes of anterior corpectomy combined with anterior intervertebral decompression and fusion for multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The clinical data of 28 patients with multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy who underwent surgery from October 2012 to June 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 18 males and 10 females, aged from 45 to 77 years old with an average of (60.11±9.37) years. Three levels were involved in 27 cases, while four levels were involved in 1 case. The preoperative JOA score was 8.89±1.87; the fusion segments angles was (4.87±4.56)°; and the cervical curvature was (11.68±1.25)°. Anterior hybrid decompression and fusion were performed in 28 patients. The fusion segments angles and the cervical curvature were assessed by X-rays at 1, 12 months after operation, respectively. JOA score was used to evaluate the clinical effect.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The operative time was 163 min on average (ranged from 120 to 205 min), and intraoperative bleeding was 198 ml on average(ranged from 100 to 300 ml). Hoarseness occurred in 1 case and got recovery at 3 weeks after operation and choke cough occurred in 1 case, and got improvement at 1 week after operation. All the patients were regularly followed for 12-24 months with an average of(18.46±3.20) months. Graft bone obtained fusion at 12 months after operation and the position of internal fixation was good. The fusion segments angles, the cervical curvature and JOA scores were significantly improved at 1, 12 months after operation(<0.05). The improvement rate of JOA score was(46.46±20.26)% at 12 months after operation, 12 cases got excellent results, 14 good and 2 fair.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Anterior corpectomy combined with anterior intervertebral decompression and fusion is safe and effective and can get satisfactory effects for multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy.</p>

Effects of jejunal interposition and Roux-en-Y surgery after total gastrectomy / 局解手术学杂志

Objective To investigate and compare the effects of jejunal interposition and Roux-en-Y surgery after total gastrectomy. Methods The clinical data of 41 patients with gastric cancer who underwent total gastrectomy in our hospital from June 2013 to June 2016 were retrospectively analyzed.According to the different ways of reconstruction of digestive tract,the patients were divided into observation group and control group.Patients of the observation group were with jejunal interposition surgery,while patients of the control group were trea-ted with Roux-en-Y surgery,and the effects of the two groups were compared and analyzed.Results There was no significant difference be-tween the two groups in the time of reconstruction,length of hospital stay and the incidence of complications(P>0.05).One year after sur-gery,incidence of complications,albumin,total health score,fatigue score,and disgust score of the observation group were significantly better than those of the control group with statistically significant difference(P<0.05).There was no significant difference between the two groups in survival rate,hemoglobin,total protein,weight changes(P>0.05).Conclusion For patients with total gastrectomy,jejunal interposition and Roux-en-Y surgery had similar effect.But in terms of the long-term effect,jejunal interposition can reduce complications and improve lev-el of nutrition and quality of life.

Analysis of pediatric adverse drug reactions reported to regional pharmacovigilance center of a single university hospital

PURPOSE: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a recurring problem among pediatric patients, and the incidence is increasing. However, there have been only a few studies on the clinical presentation of pediatric ADRs in Korea. This study investigated the clinical presentation of ADRs and the causative drugs in pediatric patients from a single university hospital. METHODS: We retrospectively collected the data on pediatric ADRs as reported to the Regional Pharmacovigilance Center in Dong-A University Hospital between March 2013 and July 2016. We analyzed clinical presentations associated with the events. To determinate causality, we evaluated each ADR according to the Naranjo probability scale, the World Health Organization-Uppsala Monitoring Centre (WHO-UMC) criteria and the Korean ADR algorithm. RESULTS: A total of 365 ADR cases were reported. Sixty-eight patients (26.5%) responded to 2 or more drugs. Antibiotics (43.3%) were the most common causative drugs, of whom the third generation cephalosphorins caused most ADRs. The most common clinical presentations were gastrointestinal manifestations (36.6%). A total of 312 ADRs were reported in 257 patients based on both the Naranjo probability scale and the Korean ADR algorithm. In addition, 323 ADRs were reported in 257 patients based on the WHO-UMC criteria. CONCLUSION: Various drugs are related to ADRs in pediatric patients. Further efforts to improve ADR-reporting systems and to increase awareness of ADRs in pediatric patients are needed.

Family History as a Risk Factor for Iron Deficiency Anemia among Korean Adolescents: Data from the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) / 임상소아혈액종양

BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a disease prevalent throughout the world. However, there is limited information regarding whether familial factors are associated with the risk of adolescent IDA. METHODS: This study evaluated the association between adolescent IDA and family history of IDA using data from the fifth Korea National Health Nutrition Survey (2010–2012). Data from 10-18-year-old children who underwent laboratory testing were analyzed. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of IDA was 3.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.4−4.1%), with prevalence of 0.5% among boys (95% CI: 0.2−1.3%) and 6.2% among girls (95% CI: 4.6−8.3%). The prevalence of IDA was associated with female sex (odds ratio [OR]: 13.43, 95% CI: 4.92−36.65; P < 0.001) and a family history of IDA (OR: 3.12, 95% CI: 1.11−8.76; P=0.03). Other risk factors for IDA were receiving social welfare support (OR: 3.31, 95% CI: 1.45−7.56; P=0.031), low maternal education (OR: 3.12, 95% CI: 1.39−6.99; P=0.006), receiving charitable food support (OR: 2.27: 95% CI: 0.9−5.44; P=0.04), poor body-image (OR: 2.14, 95% CI: 1.16−3.93; P=0.026), and weight-loss efforts (OR: 2.42, 95% CI: 1.27−4.61; P=0.01). Nutritional supplementation protected against IDA (OR: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.19−0.82; P=0.007), although adolescents with awareness of nutritional labels had a high IDA prevalence (OR: 8.06, 95% CI: 1.71−38.05; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: A family history of IDA was an independent risk factor for IDA. Further studies are needed to determine whether family-level educational interventions can reduce the risk of adolescent IDA.

Comparison of clinical effects between anterior cervical Zero-incision fusion system and traditional nail plate system in the treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy / 中国骨伤

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To compare the short-term efficacy of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion(ACDF) with traditional nail plate system and Zero-profile device in the treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy(CSM).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The clinical data of 45 patients with CSM treated from July 2014 to August 2015 was retrospectively analyzed. There were 23 males and 22 females with an average age of 53.7 years old(range, 32 to 71 years old). The course of disease was 5 months to 2 years. All the patients were treated with ACDF with 24 cases by traditional nail plate system fixation(group A) and 21 cases by Zero-P system fixation(group B). Operation time and intraoperative bleeding were compared between two groups. Neurological function and cervical pain were evaluated by Japanese Orthopaedic Association scores (JOA) and visual analogue scale (VAS), respectively. Cervical curvature(Cobb angle) change and intervertebral fusion were evaluated by X-rays and CT. And associated complications were analyzed in two groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All the patients were followed up for 12 to 16 months with an average of 14 months. Operation time of group A and B was(87.6±23.2) min and (62.7±17.3) min respectively, and the difference was significant between two groups; and intraoperative bleeding was (80.2±36.8) ml and (78.4±29.6) ml respectively, and the difference was not significant. At final follow-up, JOA and VAS of all patients were obvious improved, but there was no significant difference between two groups. Preoperative Cobb angle in group A and B was (8.7±4.3) ° and (8.6±4.2) ° respectively, and the difference was significant. The Cobb angle at final follow-up was (14.5±6.4) ° and (17.4±8.6) ° respectively, and the difference between two groups was significant. The incidence of dysphagia in group A and B were 29.17% and 9.52% respectively, and there was significant difference between two groups. All intervertebral spaces got fusion at final follow-up. No tracheo-asophageal injury and recurrent laryngeal nerve damage or other complications were found. No fusional migration, subsidence, loosening, breakage, etc. were found.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The clinical comparison of Zero-P interbody fixation system and cervical plate internal fixation for the treatment of cervical spondylosis was quite fair, but Zero-P showed a better therapeutic effect with improvement of life quality.</p>

Factors associated with the treatment of chronic spontaneous urticaria in children

PURPOSE: Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) in children is a common skin disorder, but its clinical course varies. We investigated the clinical course and associated factors for CSU treatment in children. METHODS: A total of 107 children, diagnosed with CSU from 2001 to 2016 in Dong-A University Hospital, who had been followed up for more than 6 months after treatment, were enrolled. The laboratory findings, and clinical aspects and courses were retrospectively investigated by a medical record review. We divided the 152 patients into 3 groups according to the treatment modalities: group 1, 1 antihistamine; group 2, more than 2 kinds of antihistamines; and group 3, antihistamines plus leukotriene receptor antagonist. RESULTS: The mean age of patients in group 3 was 3.4 years (range, 2.6–4.2 years), which was significantly lower than those at the other 2 group patients (P=0.01). The urticaria activity score (UAS) of group 3 (6.1 [5.7–6.6]) was significantly higher compared to those of the other 2 groups (P=0.01). The improvement rate of the condition in children with positive specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) reactivity to food or inhalant allergens was significantly lower than that of children with negative sIgE reactivity (P=0.01). Sex, age, history of allergic diseases, disease duration, UAS, previous treatment, and treatment modality were not correlated with the symptom improvement rate. CONCLUSION: Younger children and those with higher UAS needed more medication to ensure the improvement in symptoms. Moreover, it took more time for the improvement in symptoms in children who were sensitized to food or inhalant allergens.

The Survey of Cronobacter spp. (formerly Enterbacter sakazakii) in Infant and Follow-up Powdered Formula in China in 2012 / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine Cronobacter spp. contamination in infant and follow-up powdered formula in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>All of 2282 samples were collected from the retail markets in China from January 2012 to December 2012, and analyzed for Cronobacter spp. by the Chinese National Food Safety Standard. Characterization of the isolates was analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) with XbaI and SpeI restriction enzymes.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Cronobacter spp. strains were isolated from 25 samples, and the positive rates in infant powdered formulas and follow-up powdered formulas were 0.90% (10/1011) and 1.18% (15/1271), respectively. Analysis of variable data regarding different purchasing store formats, seasonality, and production locations as well as comparison of infant versus follow-up formulas did not reveal statistically significant factors. During the sampling period, one of six surveillance zones did exhibit a statistically significant trend towards higher positive rate. PFGE characterization of Cronobacter spp. to elucidate genetic diversity revealed only three pairs of Cronobacter spp. out of 25 having the same PFGE patterns.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The current investigation indicated a lower positive rate of Cronobacter spp. in the powdered formula in China. This evidence suggested contamination originating from multiple different sources during the manufacturing process.</p>

Analysis of the monitoring results of brucellosis in Qiqihar of Heilongjiang Province between 2008 and 2014 / 中华地方病学杂志

Objective To investigate the epidemic factors of human brucellosis in Qiqihar from 2008 to 2014 so as to provide a scientific basis for prevention and control of the disease.Methods Descriptive epidemiologic method was used to analyze the monitoring results of human brucellosis in Qiqihar between 2008 and 2014.Indexes observed were:the incidence rate,the distribution of gender,age,occupation,area and time.Results From 2008 to 2014,there were a total of 15 003 cases of brucellosis covering all counties.The average incidence rate was 38.85/100 000.The average incidence rate of Meilisi Daur District was the highest,178.93/100 000.Cases occurred year around and peaked in March-July.The average incidence rate of male and female brucellosis was 57.53/100 000 and 19.35/100 000,respectively,and male patients were more than female (x2 =3 658.973,P ＜ 0.05).Most patients were in the 41-50 years old age group,and the number of patients was 4 386.The major occupation was farmer (herdsmen),which acount for 93.96％ (14 097/15 003).Conclusions Qiqihar is the epidemic area of brucellosis and has a higher incidence.Governments should pay nore attention to the epidemic of brucellosis.Health education and intervention measure for high-risk population should be strengthened and the professional team should be reinforced so as to reduce the incidence of brucellosis.

Effect of transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation on stress in brain surgery with propofol target controlled infusion general anesthesia / 中国中西医结合杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effect of transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation (TAES) on stress who received propofol target controlled infusion (TCI) general anesthesia in brain surgery.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Totally 40 neurosurgical patients of I-II grade (ASA grading) in our hospital were randomly divided into the TAES group (T group) and the control group (C group), 20 in each group. All patients received intravenous anesthesia by propofol TCI. The TAES intervention was adopted in those of C group. Electrodes were only applied to corresponding acupoints without electric stimulation. The arterial blood was withdrawn before TAES (T0), before anesthesia (T1), before cutting (T2), at 60 min after encephalic incision (T3), immediately after incisions suture (T4), at about 10 min after removing tracheal catheters (T5) to detect beta-endorphin (beta-EP), cortisol (COR), adrenalin (E), blood sugar (Glu). The heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were recorded. The total time of surgery, anesthesia, total infusion amount, blood lost amount, and urine amount were recorded.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In both groups, HR, MAP, COR, and E at T2 were lower than at T0 significantly (P < 0.05). beta-EP in group C at T2 was lower than at T0 significantly (P < 0.05). HR, MAP, COR in group C at T3 were higher than at T0 significantly (P < 0.05). HR, MAP, E, and Glu in group C at T4 and T5 were higher than at T0 significantly (P < 0.05). beta-EP in group T at T1 and T3 were higher than at T0 significantly (P < 0.05). HR, COR, E, Glu, and beta-EP in group T at T4 and T5 were higher than at T0 significantly (P < 0.05). Between groups, comparing with the time point T0, the amplitude of variation of MAP, COR, and E at T2 in group C were significantly less (P < 0.05); the amplitude of variation of HR, MAP, and COR at T3 in group C were less significantly, when compared with the time point T0 (P < 0.05); the amplitude of variation of HR, MAP, COR, E, and Glu at T4 and T5 in group C were less significantly, when compared with the time point T0 (P < 0.05). When comparing the two groups, the amplitude of variation of beta-EP at time points of T1, T3, T4, and T5 in group T were larger than at T0 in group C (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>TAES could reduce stress and stabilize the internal environment when used in brain surgery with propofol TCI general anesthesia.</p>

Prevalence and risk assessment of Campylobacter jejuni in chicken in China / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the occurrence and distribution of Campylobacter jejuni in chicken in China, assess its health risk to the Chinese population, and provide recommendations for effective risk control.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Data from the National Food Safety Risk Surveillance Network on Campylobacter jejuni between 2007 and 2010 and from published articles were analyzed. Eleven parameters were used based on the whole chicken preparation process and prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni for risk assessment by using the Ross-Sumner Method.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The detection rates of Campylobacter jejuni in raw chicken were between 0.29% and 2.28% during 2007-2010 in China (more than 20 provinces). The probability of illness caused by Campylobacter jejuni due to chicken consumption was around six out of one million consumers per day in urban areas and around one out of one million consumers per day in rural areas. Total predicted illnesses per year was about 736 000, accounting for 1.6‰ of the general population in urban areas and about 301 000, accounting for 0.37‰ of the total population in rural areas. The risk rankings of Campylobacter jejuni in chicken were 52 and 49 in urban and rural areas, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>A high risk score for Campylobacter jejuni in chicken was obtained in China. This result may contribute to development of food safety management strategies. Key efforts should be made to control the risk of Campylobacter jejuni in chicken in China, especially in chick breeding and chicken preparation processes.</p>

Quantitative analysis of foodborne salmonella-the study of mini-modified semi solid rappaport vassiliadis most probable number method / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To improve the mini-modified semi solid rappaport vassiliadis most probable number (mini-MSRV MPN) method for Salmonella detection.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Based on the mini-MSRV MPN method,Buffered Peptone Water (BPW) was modified as one step enrichment medium and Modified Semi Solid Rappaport Vassiliadis (MSRV) medium was ameliorated as modified MSRV for Salmonella detection under standard Salmonella addition recovery. A total of 154 raw chicken samples, 48 swabs of pheasantry and 48 poultry dung samples were collected to compare the detection results of Salmonella by using improved mini-MSRV MPN, mini-MSRV MPN and regular most probable number (MPN) method.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Salmonella recovery was < 2.7 MPN/g when the standard Salmonella addition was at the concentration of 0.9 CFU/g when the mini-MSRV MPN method was employed. If the standard Salmonella addition were at 9.0 and 90.0 CFU/g, the recoveries of bacteria were 10.1 and 94.0 MPN/g, and the average recovery rate was 112% and 104%, respectively. Salmonella detection rate of modified mini-MSRV MPN, mini-MSRV MPN and regular MPN method was 18.4% (46/250), 5.2% (13/250) and 6.0% (15/250), respectively. The detection rate was higher for modified mini-MSRV MPN method than of the other two methods (χ(2) values were 19.68 and 17.82, respectively, all P values < 0.05). The detection quantity of Salmonella (medians were 21.0, < 2.7 and < 3.0 MPN/g, respectively). The quantity detected by modified mini-MSRV MPN method was higher than that of the other two methods (both Z values were 5.71, both P values < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Modified mini-MSRV MPN method is an accurate method for foodborne Salmonella detection.</p>

Prevalence and antibiogram distribution of Salmonella isolated from broiler production and processing course in four provinces, China / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine the contamination condition of Salmonella in broiler breeding and slaughter processing in China and to investigate the distribution of antimicrobial resistance profiles.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Five large-scale broiler holdings and fourteen slaughterhouses were chosen to detect Salmonella in Henan, Jiangsu, Sichuan and Shandong provinces in 2010. A total of 835 anal swabs and 744 chicken carcasses were sampled to compare the difference of Salmonella contamination rate.Salmonella isolates were identified by serotyping according to Kauffmann-White scheme.The antimicrobial susceptibilities of Salmonella isolates were determined by broth microdilution method and sixteen antimicrobial agents were chosen and examined.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In total, Salmonella isolates were recovered in 56 (6.7%) specimens among 835 collected anal swabs and 122 (16.4%) specimens among 744 broiler carcasses. Positive rate of Salmonella in broiler carcasses was higher than anal swabs (χ(2) = 36.94, P < 0.05). The dominant Salmonella serovars isolated from broiler anal swabs were S.enterica serovar Indiana and S.enterica serovar Enteritidis, accounting for 58.9% (33/56) and 32.1% (18/56) respectively. The prevalent serovars in broiler carcasses were also the two serovars and occupied 29.8% (37/124), 32.2% (40/124) respectively. Nearly 95.0% (171/180) Salmonella isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial, 78.3% (141/180) Salmonella strains were multi-drug resistant isolates and 20 (11.1%) Salmonella isolates were resistant to 14 antimicrobials.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Our findings indicated that Salmonella contamination was common and serious in commercial broiler production and processing course in China. Salmonella contamination rate in broiler slaughter processing performance was higher than broiler flocks. Additionally, antibiotic resistance of Salmonella was in serious situation.</p>

The role of adenosine deaminase in the electroacupuncture preconditioning induced rapid tolerance to focal cerebral ischemia / 中国中西医结合杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the electroacupuncture (EA) pretreatment at Baihui (GV20) on the concentration of adenosine deaminase (ADA) and adenosine, and to evaluate its effects on the neurologic function score and the infarction volume after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), thus exploring its mechanisms for relieving the ischemia/reperfusion injury.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Totally 54 male SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups, the sham-EA group, the EA group, and the control group, 18 in each group. Rats in the control group were not intervened after anesthesia. Rats in the EA group were needled at Baihui (GV20) for 30 min. Rats in the sham-EA group received the same procedure as those performed in the EA group without electricity connected. The changes of adenosine and ADA contents were detected at 30, 60, and 120 min after EA respectively. The I/R model was established. Totally 48 male SD rats were randomly divided into 6 groups, i.e., the model group (Group A), the EA group (Group B), the EA +8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX) group (Group C), the EA + DMSO group (Group D), the Deoxycoformycin (Deo) group (Group E), and the normal saline group (Group F). Rats in Group B, C, and D received EA for 30 min before modeling. Rats in Group C and D were peritoneally injected with DPCPX (1 mg/kg) and DMSO (1 mL/kg) at 30 min before EA. The neurologic function score was evaluated and the infarct volumes were detected after 24-h reperfusion.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the sham-EA group, there was no statistical difference in the contents of the adenosine or ADA in the control group at each time point (P > 0.05). Compared with the control group at the same time point, the content of ADA significantly decreased at 60 min in the EA group [(315.0 +/- 22.9 U/L), P < 0.05], and restored to the normal level at 120 min after EA. The content of adenosine increased in the EA group at 120 min [(20.4 +/- 2.2) ng/microL, P < 0.05]. Compared with the model group, the neurologic function score decreased (P < 0.05) and the infarct volumes were obviously reduced (P < 0.01) in Group B, D and E. There was no statistical difference in the neurologic function score or the infarct volumes in other groups, when compared with the model group (P > 0.05)</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>EA at Baihui (GV20) showed protective effects on the cerebral I/R rats, which might be achieved through lowering the ADA concentration and elevating the adenosine content, and further activating adenosine A1 receptor.</p>

Virulent gene prevalence of foodborne Listeria monocytogenes in China in 2005 / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the virulent gene prevalence of foodborne Listeria monocytogenes (LM) isolated from China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>78 LM isolates derived from raw meat, cooked food, aquatic products and vegetables of 13 provinces and cities.LM isolates were investigated for prevalence of virulence genes (LIPI-1 (prfA, plcA, hly, mpl, actA, plcB); LIPI-2 (inlA, inlB), and iap) by PCR method.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>87.2% (68/78) of the isolates were prfA positive, 98.7% (77/78) of the isolates were plcA, actA and plcB positive, 97.4% (76/78) of the isolates were hly positive, 87.2% (68/78) of the isolates were mpl positive, 92.3% (72/78) of the isolates were inlA positive, 100% (78/78) of the isolates were inlB positive, 98.7% (77/78) of the isolates were iap positive. Among 21 virulent gene negative isolates, there was 7 isolates lack of two or more virulence genes. The rate of virulence genes deletion isolates from cooked meat was 31.3% (10/32), the rate of virulence genes deletion isolates from raw meat was 16.1% (5/31), the rate of virulence genes deletion isolates from vegetables was 36.4% (4/11) and rate of virulence genes deletion isolates from seafood was 50% (2/4). No significant difference was found (χ(2) = 3.721, P > 0.05). The virulence gene array-1 strains were dominant among these isolates.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Among 78 LM isolates, prevalent of virulent genes were different except inlB, virulence genes of LIP-1 were deleted prevalently among isolates, virulence gene deletion patterns were diverse.</p>

Effects of human urinary tissue kallikreins on vasodilation of basilar artery in rabbits with symptomatic cerebral vasospasm / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the effects of urinary kallidinogenase on subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in rabbits.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Rabbits symptomatic cerebral vasospasm model was built though Endo method, among the 40 rabbits, 8 died or had severe nervous system syndrome, the other 32 were randomly divided into 4 groups:group A, control group, injection of normal saline to the cisterna magna;group B, subarachnoid hemorrhage;group C, injection of human urinary tissue kallikreins;group D, treated with Nimodipine. The behavior scores, neurological scores and cerebral angiography changes were observed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Food intake obviously decreased and neurological deficit were seen in group B, while which were attenuated in group C and group D, and group A was normal. Comparing the diameter of basilar artery was (1.9 +/- 0.3) mm before SAH, the diameter of group B 4 d later was (1.5 +/- 0.3) mm, 7 d later (1.4 +/- 0.3) mm, the difference was significant (P < 0.05). Comparing with group C on the day 4th and 7th, the diameters of basilar artery were significantly different (P < 0.001). Comparing with group D on the day 4th, 7th and 14th, there was no obvious improvement.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Urinary kallidinogenase and Nimodipine can obviously alleviate symptomatic cerebral vasospasm in rabbits remarkably, but the former's effect of attenuating vasospasm is better than that of Nimodipine.</p>

Study on the automatic ribotyping for Enterobacter sakazakii / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the ribotyping fingerprint of Enterobacter sakazakii (E. sakazakii) isolated from food and its typing power.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Two standard strains and twenty-eight isolates of E.sakazakii were analyzed by the DuPont Riboprinter(TM) microbial characterization system. The relevant database was established and the fingerprint patterns were analyzed with BioNumerics software.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>This system grouped two standard strains and twenty-eight E.sakazakii isolates into 26 ribotypes, and four ribotypes included two strains respectively, the other twenty-two strains showed different ribotypes. The lowest similarity was 31.58%. The number of bands by ribotyping was approximately ten and the molecular weight of these bands ranged from 1 to 50 kb. By the clustering program in BioNumerics, these isolates could be grouped into four clusters.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The automatic ribotyping method is convenient and fast in E.sakazakii typing.</p>