Classificando fraturas do rádio com raio-X e tomografia / Classifying radius fractures with X-ray and tomography imaging

INTRODUÇÃO: Este estudo avaliou a confiabilidade interobservador da radiografia simples versus tomografia computadorizada para as classificações Universal e AO em fraturas do rádio distal. PACIENTES e MÉTODOS: Cinco observadores classificaram 21 fraturas do rádio distal utilizando radiografias e tomografias independentemente. O índice Kappa foi utilizado para estabelecer o nível de concordância entre os observadores. RESULTADOS: A confiabilidade interobservador da classificação Universal foi moderada e a confiabilidade interobservador da classificação AO foi baixa. Reduzindo a clas-sificação AO a nove categorias e às três categorias básicas houve melhora do nível de confiabilidade para "moderado". Não houve diferença entre a confiabilidade interobservador da classificação Universal baseada em imagens radiográficas em comparação com a classificação Universal baseada em imagens tomográficas. A confiabilidade interobservador da classificação AO baseada em radiografias simples foi significativamente maior que a confiabilidade interobservador da classificação AO baseada apenas em tomografias computadorizadas. CONCLUSÃO: A partir destes dados, concluímos que classificar fraturas do rádio distal utilizando tomografias computadorizadas sem o auxílio das radiografias simples não traz benefício.

INTRODUCTION: This study evaluated the interobserver reliability of plain radiograpy versus computed tomography (CT) for the Universal and AO classification systems for distal radius fractures. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Five observers classified 21 sets of distal radius fractures using plain radiographs and CT independently. Kappa statistics were used to establish a relative level of agreement between observers for both readings. RESULTS: Interobserver agreement was rated as moderate for the Universal classification and poor for the AO classification. Reducing the AO system to 9 categories and to its three main types reliability was raised to a "moderate" level. No difference was found for interobserver reliability between the Universal classification using plain radiographs and the Universal classification using computed tomography. Interobserver reliability of the AO classification system using plain radiographs was significantly higher than the interobserver reliability of the AO classification system using only computed tomography. CONCLUSION: From these data, we conclude that classification of distal radius fractures using CT scanning without plain radiographs is not beneficial.

The patient-physician interactions as seen by undergraduate medical students

CONTEXT: The interaction between a physician and his or her patient is complex and occurs by means of technical performance and through a personal relationship. OBJECTIVE: To assess the interaction between the medical professional and his or her patient with the participation of medical students assuming a role as observers and participants in a medical appointment in an outpatient office. DESIGN: Questionnaire interview study. SETTING: General Medicine outpatient offices, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of Säo Paulo. PARTICIPANTS: Medical students performed an ethnographical technique of observation, following 199 outpatient medical appointments with Clinical Medicine Residents. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: A questionnaire filled out by observer students measured the physician's attitudes towards patients, as well as patients' expectations regarding the appointment and his or her understanding after its completion. RESULTS: Patients showed higher enthusiasm after the appointment (4.47 + or - 0.06 versus 2.62 + or - 0.10) (mean + or - SEM), as well as some negative remarks such as in relation to the waiting time. The time spent in the consultation was 24.66 + or - 4.45 minutes (mean + or - SEM) and the waiting time was 123.09 + or - 4.91 minutes. The physician's written orientation was fairly well recalled by the patient when the doctor's letter could be previously understood. CONCLUSION: Patients benefit from physicians who keep the focus on them. In addition, this program stimulated the students for their accomplishment of the medical course